Anexo:Tecnologías emergentes

Esta es una lista de las tecnologías emergentes en la actualidad, que contiene algunos de los más destacados desarrollos, avances e innovaciones en diversos campos de las modernas tecnologías. Las tecnologías emergentes son aquellas innovaciones técnicas que representan avances dentro de un determinado campo o área.^[1]​

Agricultura

Tecnología emergente	Estatus	Tecnología potencialmente desechadas	Aplicación potencial	Artículos relacionados
Robot agrícola^[2]​	Investigación y desarrollo, proyectos de prueba
Sistema ecológico cerrados^[3]​^[4]​^[5]​	Investigación y desarrollo, trabajando en demostraciones (ej. Biosfera 2)	Agronomía	Agricultura, investigación científica, Colonización del espacio	Invernadero, Proyecto Eden, Bioshelter, Invernadero de agua marina, Sistema de invernadero de cosecha perpetua
Carne cultivada	Investigación y desarrollo^[6]​^[7]​^[8]​	Ganadería, Pesca^[8]​	Protectora de Animales, recursos eficientes, carne más saludable y más barata.^[8]​	New Harvest
Agricultura de precisión	Investigación y desarrollo, difusión
Granja vertical	Investigación, desarrollo, experimentos, y difusiones^[9]​^[10]​^[11]​	Agricultura intensiva	Cultivos y producción de carne.

Ingeniería del clima

Tecnología emergente	Estatus	Tecnología potencialmente desechadas	Aplicación potencial	Artículos relacionados
Eliminación del dióxido de carbono atmosférico	Investigación y desarrollo	Fuentes de fósiles	Mitigación del cambio climático, cerrando el ciclo del carbono, insumo para la producción de combustible de carbón neutral	Virgin Earth Challenge

Construcción

Tecnología emergente	Estatus	Tecnología potencialmente desechadas	Aplicación potencial	Artículos relacionados
Impresión 3D y Bioimpresión 3D	Producción comercial^[12]​^[13]​	Producción de prototipos manuales, algunos métodos de producción en masa que carecen de capacidad de personalización	La rápida creación de prototipos y la producción de los objetos más baratos, con potencial para personalizar significativamente los productos para los consumidores individuales, ejemplo, edificios,^[14]​ carros,^[15]​ electrónicos,^[16]​ muebles,^[17]​ adornos o ropas^[18]​	Proyecto RepRap, Contour Crafting**, D-Shape
Claitrónica	Hipotético, experimento	Impresión 3D, métodos y herramientas de fabricación tradicionales
Ensamblador molecular	Hipotético, experimento	Impresión 3D, métodos y herramientas de fabricación tradicionales		Replicator (Star Trek), constructor universal Von Neumann
Niebla útil	Hipotético, experimento

Arquitectura

Tecnología emergente	Estatus	Tecnología potencialmente desechadas	Aplicación potencial	Artículos relacionados
Arcología	Investigación, desarrollo, comercialización
Ciudad abovedada	En progreso en Dubái^[19]​		Tiempo controlado por la ciudad, la colonización de otros órganos

Ciencia de los materiales

Tecnología emergente	Estatus	Tecnología potencialmente desechadas	Aplicación potencial	Artículos relacionados
Aerogel	Hipotéticos, experimentos, difusión, primeros usos.^[20]​	Aislamiento tradicional, Vidrio	Aislamiento mejorado, aislante de vidrio, conectores para oleoductos, aeroespacial, alta temperatura y aplicaciones de frío extremo.
Metal amorfo	Experimentos	Kevlar	Blindaje
Bioplástico	Algunos productos desarrollados.	Plásticos de combustibles fósiles
Polímero conductor	Investigación, experimentos, prototipos	Conductores	Alambres ligeros y más baratos, materiales antiestáticos, célula fotovoltaica orgánica.
Femtotecnología, Picotecnología	Hipotético	Presente nuclear	Nuevos materiales; armas nucleares, energía
Fullereno	Experimentos, difusión	Nanotubos de carbono y diamantes sintéticos (por ejemplo buckypaper)	Materia programable
Grafeno	Hipotéticos, experimentos, difusión, primeros usos^[21]​^[22]​	Circuito integrado a base de silicio	Components with higher strength to weight ratios, transistors that operate at higher frequency, lower cost of display screens in mobile devices, storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars, sensors to diagnose diseases^[23]​
Superconductividad de alta temperatura	Cryogenic receiver front-end (CRFE) RF and microwave filter systems for mobile phone base stations; prototypes in dry ice; Hypothetical and experiments for higher temperatures^[24]​	Copper wire, semiconductor integral circuits	No loss conductors, frictionless bearings, magnetic levitation, lossless high-capacity accumulators, electric cars, heat-free integral circuits and processors
Fluidos magnetoreológicos o Ferrofluido	developed and researched	Shock absorber	Magnetorheological damper heavy motor damping, operator seat/cab damping in construction vehicles, seismic dampers positioned in building absorbing detrimental shock waves and oscillations within the structure making them earthquake-proof, enhance body armour fluid bullet resistant, Humvees, and various other all-terrain vehicles employ dynamic MR shock absorbers/dampers. Magnetorheological finishing was used in the construction of the Hubble Space Telescope's corrective lens, shock absorbers of a vehicle's suspension are filled with magnetorheological fluid.	Electrorheological fluid
Superfluidez	Superfluid gyroscopes already exist but work at very low temperatures	Mechanical gyroscope, flywheel	High-precision measure of gravity, navigation and maneuver devices, possible devices to emit gravitomagnetic field, frictionless mechanical devices
LiTraCon	Experiments, already used to make Europe Gate	Glass	Construction of skyscrapers, towers, and sculptures like Europe Gate
Metamateriales	Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion^[25]​	Classical optics	Microscopes, cameras, metamaterial cloaking, cloaking devices
Espuma metálica	Research, commercialization	Hulls	Space colonies, floating cities
Multi-function structures^[26]​	Hypothetical, experiments, some prototypes, few commercial	Composite materials mostly	Wide range, e.g., self health monitoring, self healing material, morphing
Nanomateriales: Nanotubo	Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses^[27]​^[28]​	Structural steel and aluminium	Stronger, lighter materials, space elevator	Potential applications of carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber
Materia programable	Hypothetical, experiments^[29]​^[30]​	Coatings, catalysts	Wide range, e.g., claytronics, synthetic biology
Punto cuántico	Research, experiments, prototypes^[31]​	LCD, LED	Quantum dot laser, quantum dot display, future use as programmable matter in display technologies (TV, projection), optical data communications (high-speed data transmission), medicine (laser scalpel)
Siliceno	Hipotético, investigación	Transistores y baterias	El siliceno, permitirá fabricar circuitería electrónica cien veces más pequeña, en los transistores la reducción vertical del tamaño en una capa única 2D formada por átomos permitirá reducir las dimensiones lateralmente, lo que implicaría que la misma área del chip podría incorporar 25 veces más componentes electrónicos. ^[32]​ Su uso en las baterías de ion-litio posee una gran resistencia, al igual que el grafeno, y eso hace que obtenga un buen rendimiento en los ánodos de las baterías. Esta característica permite paliar los cambios de volumen que se producen durante la carga.^[33]​
Superaleación	Research, diffusion	Aluminum, titanium, composite materials	Aircraft jet engines
Diamante sintético	Research	Silicon transistors	Electronics
hypereutectic alloy	Research, commercialization	Casting	Metals	Hypereutectic piston
super-plastic alloy	Research, commercialization	Casting	Metals	Superplasticity
Polímero conductor	Research, commercialization	Organic Circuits	Electrical Conduction	Polímero conductor

Pantallas

Tecnología emergente	Estatus	Tecnología potencialmente desechadas	Aplicación potencial	Artículos relacionados
Pantalla 3D	Research, commercialization^[34]​^[35]​	other display technologies, CRT, LCD	Television, computer interfaces, cinemas	Autostereoscopic display, stereoscopic display, volumetric display, Holographic display, Light Field display, Nintendo 3DS, HTC Evo 3D
Ferro Liquid Display o FLCD	Some commercial products
Field emission display o FED	Research
Holografía (Holographic display, Computer-generated holography)	Diffusion^[36]​^[37]​^[38]​	Display technologies
Pantalla moduladora interferométrica	Development, commercializing^[39]​	Other display technologies, CRT, LCD, plasma, e-paper	Non-emissive displays with fast response times and potentially the most realistic colours of all display technologies	Interferometric modulator display, comparison of display technology
Pantalla láser	first commercial Laser TV in 2008, Mitsubishi LaserVue TV	LCD and plasma displays	Displays with very wide colour gamut	Laser TV, Comparison of display technology
Pantallas OLED	Diffusion, commercialization^[40]​^[41]​^[42]​	LCD and plasma displays	Displays, lighting	OLED TV, Comparison of display technology
Organic light-emitting transistor	Development
Phased-array optics	Hypothetical^[43]​^[44]​	Conventional display devices (e.g., television)	Mass production of 3-dimensional imagery
Screenless display (Virtual retinal display, Bionic contact lens), EyeTap	Hypothetical, experiments^[45]​	Traditional displays	Augmented reality, virtual reality, EyeTap could allow the user to reference the blue prints like in a construction yard, in a 3D manner, Delivers the user constant up to date information on the stock market, the user's corporation, and meeting statuses, visual disabilities	Head-mounted display, Head-up display, adaptive optics
Telescopic pixel display	In development
Time-multiplexed optical shutter	Commercialized
Volumetric display	Working prototypes		3-dimensional imagery	Swept-volume display

Aplicaciones para el hogar

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Bead washing machine	Commercialization^[46]​	Traditional washing machines	Washing with small consumption of water, electrical energy and detergents
Magnetic refrigeration	Already used for achieving cryogenic temperatures in the laboratory setting (below 10K)	Conventional refrigerators	Refrigeration without the need for compression and with more energy efficient which may be in refrigerators, air conditioners and spacecraft
Qarnot	Commercialization^[47]​	Conventional heaters, supercomputers, datacenters	Computing and heating
V-tex	Commercialization^[48]​	Conventional refrigerators	Cooling drinks

Electrónica

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Biometrics	Diffusion	Keys and ID documents
Digital scent technology	Diffusion			Smell-O-Vision, iSmell
Electronic nose	Research, commercialization^[49]​^[50]​	X-ray and MRI scans for detecting cancer	Detecting spoiled food, chemical weapons and cancer
E-textiles	Research, diffusion^[51]​
Flexible electronics	Research, development, some prototypes^[52]​^[53]​		Flexible and folding electronic devices (such as smartphones), Flexible solar cells which are lightweight, can be rolled up for launch, and are easily deployable	Nokia Morph, Flexible organic light-emitting diode
Memristor	Working prototype^[54]​^[55]​	Some current integrated circuits, many other electronics devices	Smaller, faster, lower power consuming storage, analogue electronics, programmable logic,^[56]​ signal processing,^[57]​ neural networks,^[58]​ control systems,^[59]​ reconfigurable computing,^[60]​ brain-computer interfaces^[61]​ and RFID,^[62]​ pattern recognition^[63]​
Molecular electronics	Research and Development
Nanoelectromechanical systems	Research and Development
Spintronics	Working prototypes^[64]​	Mechanical magnetic hard disk drives	Data storage, computing devices	MRAM
Thermal copper pillar bump	Working prototypes in discrete devices	Conventional thermal systems, heat sinks, bulk thermoelectrics	Electric circuit cooling; micro-fluidic actuators; small-device thermoelectric power generation	Ultra high definition holographic disc, Metal–insulator transition

Energía

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Airborne wind turbine	Research^[65]​^[66]​^[67]​	Fossil fuels	Producing electricity	KiteGen
Artificial photosynthesis	Research, experiments^[68]​ growing interest in a macroscience global project^[69]​	Fossil fuel or 'archived' photosynthesis	Improve natural photosynthesis, so roads buildings and vehicles convert sunlight and water into hydrogen and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates	Sustainocene, Renewable energy, Nanotechnology
Biofuels	Diffusion^[70]​	Fossil fuels	Energy storage, more so for transport	Issues relating to biofuels
Concentrated solar power	Growing markets in California, Spain, Northern Africa^[71]​	Fossil fuels, photovoltaics	Producing electricity	DESERTEC, BrightSource Energy, Solar Millennium
Electric double-layer capacitor	Diffusion, continued development^[72]​	Chemical batteries	Regenerative braking; energy storage: generally faster charging, longer lasting, more flexible, greener
Energy harvesting	Experiments	Batteries	Constant energy source for mobile, wearable and ubiquitous devices
Flywheel energy storage	Some commercial examples
Fusion power	Hypothetical, experiments	Fossil fuels, renewable energy, nuclear fission power	Producing electricity, heat, fusion torch recycling with waste heat	ITER, NIF, Polywell, Dense plasma focus, Muon-catalyzed fusion
Generation IV reactor	Research, Experiments	Traditional nuclear power reactors, fossil fuels	Producing electricity, heat, transmutation of nuclear waste stockpiles from traditional reactors
Grid energy storage	Increasing use
Home fuel cell	Research, commercialisation^[73]​^[74]​^[75]​	Electrical grid	Off-the-grid, producing electricity	Autonomous building, Bloom Energy Server
Hydrogen economy	Diffusion of hydrogen fuel cells; Hypothetical, experiments for lower cost hydrogen production^[76]​	Other energy storage methods: chemical batteries, fossil fuels	Energy storage
Lithium-air battery	Research, experiments^[77]​	Other energy storage methods: hydrogen, chemical batteries, some uses of fossil fuels	Laptops, mobile phones, long-range electric cars; storing energy for electric grid
Lithium-ion batteries	Artículo principal: Research in lithium-ion batteries
Lithium iron phosphate battery	Commercialization
Lithium–sulfur battery	Research and Development
Molten salt battery	Applications and continuing research
Molten salt reactor	Research, Experiments	Traditional nuclear power reactors, fossil fuels	Producing electricity, heat
Nanowire battery	Experiments, prototypes^[78]​^[79]​	Other energy storage methods: hydrogen, chemical batteries, some uses of fossil fuels	Laptops, mobile phones, long-range electric cars; storing energy for electric grid
Nantenna	Research^[80]​^[81]​^[82]​	Fossil fuels	Producing electricity
Ocean thermal energy conversion	Prototype
Silicon–air battery	Experiments
Smart grid	Research, diffusion^[83]​^[84]​^[85]​			Smart meter, SuperSmart Grid
Solar roadway	Research^[86]​^[87]​^[88]​	Fossil fuels	Producing electricity
Space-based solar power	Hypothetical
Thorium fuel cycle	Research started in the 1960s, still ongoing	Uranium based nuclear power, fossil fuels	Producing electricity, heat
Vortex engine		Chimney, Cooling tower, Solar updraft tower	Power generation.
Wireless energy transfer	Prototypes, diffusion, short range consumer products^[89]​	Power cords, plugs, batteries	Wirelessly powered equipment: laptop, cell phones, electric cars, etc.	WiTricity, resonant inductive coupling
Zero-energy building	Expansion	Electrical grid and power plants	All homes	Passive house

Entretenimiento

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Computer-generated imagery	Developing	Photomodels, all film-related jobs (including public service announcements, music videos, viral videos, commercials and pornography), except for directors, screenwriters and graphic designers^[90]​	Films, photos
Immersive virtual reality	Hypothetical, limited commercialization	Consensus reality	An artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in consensus reality.	Virtusphere, 3rd Space Vest, haptic suit, immersive technology, simulated reality, holodeck (fictional)

TIs y comunicaciones

Tecnología emergente	Estado	Potentially marginalized technologies	Aplicaciones potenciales	Related articles
Comunicaciones celulares 5G	Investigación y desarrollo	4G LTE
Ambient intelligence	Hypothetical
Cerebro artificial	Investigación^[91]​		Treatment of neurological disease, artificial intelligence	Blue Brain Project, Human Brain Project
Inteligencia artificial fuerte	Hypothetical, experimentos; limited uses in specialized domains^[92]​^[93]​^[94]​	Human decision, analysis, etc.	Creating intelligent devices and robots; AI can counsel (or even take charge) in scientific projects, government, army, corporate governance, film and books creation, inventions etc.	Progress in artificial intelligence, technological singularity, applications of artificial intelligence
Atomtrónica	Hipotético
Augmented Reality	Diffusion
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor	Research and development	Silicon-based transistors	Extending moore's law
Counterparty (technology)	Diffusion	Bookmaker, stock exchange, central banking	Decentralized financial instruments,^[95]​ betting, free market	Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Digital currency
Cryptocurrency	Diffusion	Central banking	Money supply, World reserve currency	Bitcoin, Digital currency
Cybermethodology
Exascale computing	Projects
Internet cuántica
Internet de las cosas	Difusión
Tecnologías en memorias emergentes T-RAM, Z-RAM, TTRAM, CBRAM, SONOS, RRAM, Racetrack memory, NRAM, Phase-change memory, FJG, Millipede memory	In development	Current memory technologies
Fourth-generation optical discs (3D optical data storage, Holographic data storage)	Research, prototyping^[96]​	Some mass storage methods/devices, magnetic tape data storage, optical data storage	Storing and archiving data previously erased for economic reasons	Blu-ray Disc, Optical storage
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units	Diffusion of non standardized methods	CPU for a few specialized uses	Order of magnitude faster processing of parallelizable algorithms
Exocortex	Diffusion of primitive amplifications; working prototypes of more; Hypothetical, experimentos on more substantial amplification	Libraries, schools, training, pocket calculators
Machine translation	Diffusion^[97]​^[98]​	Human translation of natural languages, in areas where misunderstanding is non-critical and language is formalized	Easier and cheaper cross-cultural communication
Machine vision	Research, prototyping, commercialization^[91]​	Biotic vision and perception, including humans	Biometrics, controlling processes (e.g., in driverless car, automated guided vehicle), detecting events (e.g., in visual surveillance), interaction (e.g., in human-computer interaction), robot vision	Computer vision, pattern recognition, digital image processing
Mobile collaboration and e-learning	Development, commercialization^[99]​	Transport of humans, traditional video-conferencing systems	Extends the capabilities of video conferencing for use on hand-held mobile devices in real-time over secure networks. For use in diverse industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare.^[100]​ Telework
Optical computing	Hypothetical, experimentos; some components of integrated circuits have been developed^[101]​	Many electronics devices, integrated circuits	Smaller, faster, lower power consuming computing
Computación cuántica	Hypothetical, experimentos,^[102]​ commercialization^[103]​	Atomtronics, Electronic computing, optical computing, quantum clock	Much faster computing, for some kinds of problems, chemical modeling, new materials with programmed properties, Hypothetical of high-temperature superconductivity and superfluidity
Criptografía cuántica	Commercialization^[104]​		Secure communications
Radio-frequency identification	Diffusion of high cost^[105]​^[106]​^[107]​	Barcode	Smartstores - RFID based self checkout (keeping track of all incoming and outgoing products), food packaging, smart shelves, smart carts. See: potential uses
Semantic Web or answer machine	Research, limited use	Web 2.0	Making the web machine-readable by annotating data on the web based on its meaning	Corporate Semantic Web, Semantic Web Services, Semantic Web Stack, Web 3.0
Software-defined radio	Development, commercialization	Traditional, frequency-specific radio circuits, dedicated signal processing hardware	Cognitive radio, Mesh networks, Software defined antenna	GNU Radio, Universal Software Radio Peripheral
Speech recognition	Research, Development, Commercialization	Mechanical input devices
Three-dimensional integrated circuit	Development, commercialization^[108]​^[109]​	Conventional integrated circuit
Virtual Reality	Diffusion		Entertainment, education	Oculus Rift
Wearable computer	Diffusion

Medicina

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Artificial uterus	Hypothetical, research	Incubator, in vivo pregnancy, including host motherhood	space travel, extracorporeal pregnancy, Reprogenetics, same-sex procreation
Implantes de cuerpo, prótesis	Trials, from animal (e.g., brain implants) to human clinical (e.g., insulin pump implant), to commercial production (e.g. pacemaker, joint replacement, cochlear implant)	Various fields of medicine, warfare	Implante de cerebro, retinal implant	Prosthetics, prosthetics in fiction, cyborg
Criónica	Hypothetical, research, commercialization (e.g. Cryonics Institute)	Cemeterios	Extensión de la vida
De-extinction	Research, development, trials		Animal husbandry, pets, zoos
Ingeniería genética de organismos y virus	Research, development, commercialization^[110]​^[111]​	Other medical procedures (including aesthetic medicine and contraception), traditional warfare (genetically modified soldiers, ethnic bioweapon),^[112]​ traditional animal husbandry and plant and fungus breeding, tattoo artism and fitness clubs and cosmetics and nutrition (because of new genes humans will be able to change on demand their look), gardening (because of new genes there will be no need to nurture plants), species-saving efforts (because of new genes they can adapt to new environments), traditional fuel production^[113]​^[114]​	Creating and modifying species (mainly improving their physical and mental capabilities), bio-machines, eliminating genetic disorders (gene therapy), new materials production,^[115]​ healthier and cheaper food, creating drugs and vaccines, research in natural sciences, bioremediation,^[116]​ detecting arsenic^[117]​	Genetically modified food, superhuman, human enhancement, transhumanism, gene doping, designer baby, genetic pollution
Hibernation or suspended animation	Research, development, animal trials^[118]​	Surgical anaesthesia	Organ transplantation, space travel, prolonged surgery, emergency care
Life extension, Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence	Research, experiments, animal testing^[119]​^[120]​^[121]​	Existing treatments for age-related diseases^[121]​	Increased life spans^[121]​	Immortality, biological immortality
Male contraception and 100%-effective birth control methods^[122]​^[123]​	Research and Development	Other birth control methods, abortion
Nanomedicines	Research, experiments, limited use^[124]​^[125]​
Nanosensors	Research and Development
Oncolytic Virus	Human trials (Talimogene laherparepvec, reolysin, JX-594), commercialisation (H101)		Cancer therapy, imaging	Oncolytic virus
Genómica_personalizada, Secuenciación del genoma	Research, experiments^[126]​	Non-personalized medical procedures, including aesthetic medicine	Personalized medical procedures, genome sequencing during drug trials	Personal genomics
Plantibody	clinical trials
Medicina regenerativa	Some laboratory trials^[127]​		Prolongación de la vida
Robotic surgery	Research, diffusion^[128]​^[129]​^[130]​	Surgeons untrained in robotic surgery
Terapia con células madre	Research, experiments, phase I human trial spinal cord injury treatment (GERON), cultured cornea transplants^[131]​^[132]​	Other therapies	Treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries	Stem cell, stem cell treatments, Skin cell gun,
Biología sintética, synthetic genomics	Research, development, first synthetic bacteria created May 2010^[133]​^[134]​	Chemical industry, petroleum industry, process manufacturing	Creating infinitely scalable production processes based on programmable species of bacteria and other life forms	BioBrick, iGEM, synthetic genomics
Ingeniería de tejidos	Research, diffusion^[135]​^[136]​^[137]​^[138]​		Organ printing, Tooth regeneration
Tricorder	Research and Development	Medical examinations	Diagnosing medical conditions	Medical tricorder
Virotherapy	Research, human trials		Gene therapy, cancer therapy	Virotherapy, Oncolytic Virus
Vitrification or cryoprotectant	Hypothetical, some experiments^[139]​	Ischemic damages	Organ transplantation, cryonics

Neurociencia

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Ampakine			Enhance attention span and alertness, and facilitate learning and memory
Interfaz cerebro-computadora	Research and commercialization	Video games, television, movies and current communication devices and transport of humans.	Faster communication and learning and "more real" entertainment (generation of feelings and informations in brain on demand). Control emotions in the mentally ill^[140]​	Experience machine
Brain-reading, Neuroinformatics	Research^[141]​^[142]​^[143]​		Mind uploading, enabling individuals with brain damage to communicate^[144]​
Electroencephalography	Research, diffusion^[145]​^[146]​	Keyboards and other interfaces	Controlling electronic devices via brain waves	BrainGate.
Neuroprosthetics			Visual prosthesis, brain implant, exocortex, retinal implant

Militar

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Antimatter weapon	Hypothetical	Nuclear weapons
Caseless ammunition	Field tests and some niche markets	Cartridges		Lightweight Small Arms Technologies
Cloak of invisibility	Successful experiments cloaking small objects under some conditions^[147]​^[148]​	Camouflage^[148]​	Cloaking microscope tips at optical frequencies^[148]​	Metamaterial cloaking
Directed energy weapon	Research, development, some prototypes^[149]​	Firearms	Warfare	Laser Weapon System
Electrolaser	Research and development	Taser
Electromagnetic weapons	Research and development^[150]​^[151]​	Firearms	Warfare	Coilgun, Railgun
Electrothermal-chemical technology	Research and development	Conventional ammunition	Tank, artillery, and close-in weapon systems
Force field	Hypothetical, experiments^[152]​	Armor	Military and law enforcement, space travel	Plasma window
Green bullet	Development	Current ammunition	Environment-friendly ammunition
Laser weapon	Research and development, trials	Missile defense, anti-drone defense	Tracking and destruction of rockets, bombs, drones etc.^[153]​	Advanced Tactical Laser, High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System
Particle beam weapon	Research and development	Firearms	Warfare	Strategic Defense Initiative
Plasma weapon	Research
Pure fusion weapon	Hypothetical
Sonic weapon	Research and development
Stealth technology	Research and development	Camouflage	Electronic countermeasures	Plasma stealth, Stealth aircraft, Radar-absorbent material
Vortex ring gun	Research and development	tear gas	Crowd control
Wireless long-range electric shock weapon	Expansion	Firearms	Law enforcement guns

El espacio exterior

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Anti-gravity	Hypothetical and experiments^[154]​^[155]​
Artificial gravity	Research, development		Space Travel
Asteroid mining	Hypothetical, NASA has announced plans to capture and redirect an asteroid.^[156]​
Domed city	NASA develops a geodesic dome for a moon base		Weather-controlled city, colonization of the moon
Galileo	In progress	Older satellite navigation systems	Localizing things with the accuracy of few centimeters: vehicles and ships and planes (even driverless ones), objects (like wallet or car keys) and people (e.g. it will navigate people, even blind ones, in buildings and cities). Also Gallileo will provide better charging systems on toll motorways and air traffic control^[157]​
Hypertelescope	Hypothetical		astronomy
Inflatable space habitat	Developed, prototypes built and tested	Traditional "aluminium can" space habitat modules	Space habitats	Bigelow Aerospace
Miniaturized satellite	Research, development, some prototypes	Conventional satellites	Inexpensive satellites, constellations for low data rate communications, using formations to gather data from multiple points, in-orbit inspection of larger satellites.

Robótica

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Androide, ginoide	Research, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializing^[158]​		Disabled, infant and older people care, housekeeping, sex-worker, flight-attendant, model, hostess, waiter, security guard
Nanotecnología molecular, nanorobotics	Hypothetical, experiments^[159]​	Products and parts production, retail distribution	Machines (desktop, industrial) that can make anything given the materials, cheap planetary terraforming
Powered exoskeleton	Research, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializing^[160]​	Electric wheelchairs, forklifts	Heavy lifting, paralysis, muscle related diseases, warfare, construction, firefighting, care for the elderly and disabled.	LOPES (exoskeleton), ReWalk, Human Universal Load Carrier, fictional armor Iron Man's armor, Future Force Warrior
Self-reconfiguring modular robot	Hypothetical, experiments, early prototypes	Other ways to form physical structures and machines	As a universal physical machine, SRCMR may change the way we make many physical structures and machines	Robot, swarm robotics, autonomous research robot
Swarm robotics	Hypothetical, experiments^[161]​	Distributed computing, complexity in behavior by simplicity in architecture	Autonomous construction, space construction	Swarm intelligence, autonomous robotics, nanorobotics, particle swarm optimization, multi-agent systems, behavior-based robotics
Unmanned vehicle	Research and development, diffusion, commercial	Manned vehicles, human spying, shops, kitchens, restaurants (thanks to unmanned transport of goods)	Transport of goods (e.g. food), mass surveillance, eavesdropping, oceanography, commercial aerial livestock monitoring, wildfire mapping, pipeline security, home security, road patrol and anti-piracy, patrol the nation's borders, scout property, and hunt down fugitives, oil, gas and mineral exploration and production, geophysical surveys, geomagnetic surveys, scientific research in areas too dangerous for pilots like a hurricane tornado hunter, firefighting,^[162]​ military operations and peacekeeping operations, search and rescue, explosives and bomb disposal, gatekeeper and checkpoint operations, urban street presence, police raids in urban settings.	Unmanned aerial vehicle, AeroVironment, AeroVironment Global Observer, AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird, Unmanned combat air vehicle, Unmanned ground vehicle, Unmanned space vehicle, Unmanned surface vehicle, Unmanned underwater vehicle, Autonomous underwater vehicle

Transporte

Véase también: List of proposed future transport

Emerging technology	Status	Potentially marginalized technologies	Potential applications	Related articles
Aeroscraft	Prototype		Heavy-lift, high altitude platform
Neumático sin aire	Research, development, early prototypes^[163]​^[164]​^[165]​	Conventional tire^[165]​	Safer tires^[165]​	Tweel
Métrica de Alcubierre	Attempting to create a warp field in lab tests^[166]​	Conventional space propulsion	Interstellar exploration and colonization	Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program
Vehículo de combustible alternativo	Commercialization, diffusion	Internal combustion engine	Reducing air pollution, decreasing oil consumption	Vehículo eléctrico, Hydrogen vehicle, Compressed air vehicle
Beam-powered propulsion	Hypothetical			Laser propulsion
Vehículo autónomo	Research, development, prototypes^[167]​^[168]​^[169]​	Driver's licenses, rules of the road, traffic lights, traffic sign, highway patrols, vehicle insurances	Reducing traffic collision, increasing road capacity, reducing air pollution, reducing traffic congestion	Google driverless car, General Motors EN-V, CityCar, MIT Car
Automóvil eléctrico	Commercialization	Internal combustion engine
Flexible wings (X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing, Adaptive Compliant Wing), fluidic flight controls	Experiments, prototypes^[170]​^[171]​^[172]​^[173]​^[174]​	Other flight control systems: ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, flaperons	Controlling aircraft, ships	Aircraft flight control system, BAE Systems Demon, fluidics
Automóvil volador	Early commercialization, prototypes^[175]​^[176]​	Automobile, road	More effective transportation	Terrafugia Transition, Moller M400 Skycar, Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk, AeroMobil
Fusion rocket	Research, development^[177]​	Chemical rockets	Fast Interplanetary Travel, with limited Interstellar applications
Hovertrain, Ground effect train	Research, development^[178]​^[179]​	Conventional trains	Trains with higher speed	Aérotrain, Duke Hospital PRT, Hovercraft
High Altitude Platforms	Experimentation	Most satellites, cell phone towers	Communications
Propulsor iónico	In use
Mochila propulsora o backpack helicopter	Early commercialization, prototypes^[180]​^[181]​	Automobile	More effective transportation
Tren de levitación magnética, Vactrain	Research, early commercialization^[182]​^[183]​^[184]​	Conventional trains, the wheel	Trains with higher speed	Transrapid, Shanghai Maglev Train, Linimo
Levitación magnética	Research, development, Commercialization (Maglev Train)	Wheels, tires, conventional transportation systems	High temperature superconductivity, cryogenics, low temperature refrigerators, superconducting magnet design and construction, fiber reinforced plastics for vehicles and structural concretes, communication and high power solid-state controls, vehicle design (aerodynamics and noise mitigation), precision manufacturing, construction and fabrication of concrete structures,^[185]​ maglev car, maglev based spacecraft launch	Vactrain, Levicar
Catapulta electromagnética	Prototypes
Float to Orbit	Hypothetical	Conventional space launch	Space launch
Transporte rápido personal	Early commercialization, diffusion^[186]​^[187]​	Automobile	More effective transportation	Morgantown PRT, ULTra
Physical Internet	Research^[188]​	Conventional logistics
Vactrain	Research, development	High-speed rail	Faster way to get somewhere	ET3 Global Alliance, Hyperloop
Propulsión nuclear de pulso	Hypothetical	Chemical rockets	Fast Interplanetary Travel, with some possible Interstellar Travel applications
Propellant depot	Research, development	Heavy lift rockets	enabling deep-space missions with more massive payloads, satellite life extension, ultimately lowering the cost per kg launched to space
Motor de detonación por pulsos	Testbed demos
Sistema de lanzamiento reutilizable	Research, development	Expendable launch system	Surface-to-orbit transport	SpaceX reusable launch system development program
Scramjet	Research, development^[189]​^[190]​^[191]​	Conventional jet engine	Hypersonic aircraft	NASA X-43
Vela solar	In 2010, IKAROS was the world's first spacecraft designed to use solar sailing propulsion to be successfully launched		Space travel
Ascensor espacial	Research, development^[192]​			Non-rocket spacelaunch, Orbital ring, Sky hook, Space fountain
Spaceplane	Research, development^[193]​^[194]​^[195]​	Conventional airliners	Hypersonic transport	A2, Skylon
Avión supersónico	Commercialization existed, diffusion	Conventional airliners	Airliner with higher speed	Concorde, Túpolev Tu-144
Sistema de comunicación vehicular	Research and development, some diffusion	Automobile safety	vehicle safety obstacle inform others warnings on entering intersections, Traffic management Accommodating ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars to a specific situation such as hot pursuits and bad weather, Driver assistance systems, Automated highways.	Artificial Passenger, Dedicated short-range communications, Sistemas inteligentes de transporte

Véase también

•   Portal:Technology and applied sciences. Contenido relacionado con Technology and applied sciences.

General

Disruptive innovation, Industrial Ecology, List of inventors, List of inventions, Sustainable development, Technology readiness level, Anthropogenics

Ethics

Casuistry, Computer ethics, Engineering ethics, Nanoethics, Bioethics, Neuroethics, Roboethics

Otras lecturas que se recomiendan

• Ten Breakthrough Technologies in 2015, MIT Technology Review.

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178. «Flying train unveiled by Japanese scientists». CNN. 13 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
179. «Robot plane-train uses ground-effect principle to levitate». Wired. 12 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
180. «Going up in the world? Beat the rush hour with first commercial jetpack for £50,000». Daily Mail. 26 de febrero de 2010. Consultado el 6 de diciembre de 2011. 
181. «Flying into the future: New Zealand company to make personal jet packs». The Telegraph. 24 de febrero de 2010. Consultado el 6 de diciembre de 2011. 
182. «China scientists claim 1,200 kph train». CNN. 1 de febrero de 2011. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
183. «Laboratory working on train to run at 1,000 kph». Shanghai Daily. 3 de agosto de 2010. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
184. «How vactrains work». The Seattle Times. 16 de agosto de 2010. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
185. «The Potential for Maglev Applications». about.com. 
186. «Pod Cars Start to Gain Traction in Some Cities». The New York Times. 20 de septiembre de 2010. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
187. «Are driverless pods the future?». BBC News. 18 de diciembre de 2007. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
188. Physical Internet would increase profits, reduce carbon emissions, study finds. Phys.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
189. «China Developing Scramjet Propulsion». Aviation Week. 2 de septiembre de 2007. Consultado el 6 de diciembre de 2011. 
190. «X-51A Scramjet Fails On Second Attempt». Aviation Week. 15 de junio de 2011. Consultado el 6 de diciembre de 2011. 
191. «On hybrid, space travel will not cost the earth». The Times of India. 23 de marzo de 2010. Consultado el 6 de diciembre de 2011. 
192. «Robot passes test in space elevator contest». The Washington Post. 5 de noviembre de 2009. Consultado el 19 de noviembre de 2011. 
193. «Plans to develop space-plane are go». The Australian. 20 de octubre de 2008. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
194. «UK Skylon spaceplane passes key review». BBC News. 24 de mayo de 2011. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 
195. «Air Force says it's extending mission of mysterious X-37B». Los Angeles Times. 29 de noviembre de 2011. Consultado el 7 de diciembre de 2011. 

Enlaces externos

• Esta obra contiene una traducción derivada de «List of emerging technologies» de Wikipedia en inglés, publicada por sus editores bajo la Licencia de documentación libre de GNU y la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 3.0 Unported.