Wikipedia
Medalla Copley
La Medalla Copley es un premio que otorga anualmente la Real Sociedad de Londres a una persona física como reconocimiento al trabajo científico por sus logros sobresalientes en las ciencias físicas o biológicas. Es el galardón más antiguo concedido por una institución académica, ya que la primera medalla se concedió en 1731.
| Medalla Copley | ||
|---|---|---|
| La Medalla Copley en 1905. | ||
| Premio a | ciencias físicas, biológicas | |
| Otorgado por | Real Sociedad de Londres | |
| Ubicación | Reino Unido | |
| Historia | ||
| Primera entrega | 1731 | |
| Medalla Copley Sitio web oficial | ||
Historia
El premio se creó tras el legado póstumo realizado a la Real Sociedad de Londres en 1709, por Godfrey Copley, próspero terrateniente de Sprotbrough, cerca de Doncaster, miembro por elección de la Real Sociedad de Londres desde 1691. El monto ascendía a 100 £, y el interés sobre el mismo se utilizaría para la realización de experimentos durante una serie de años.
Las condiciones de la medalla han variado varias veces a lo largo del tiempo. En 1736 se acordó conceder una medalla por valor de 5 £, ya fuera para el descubrimiento científico más importante o para el mayor aporte experimental, norma que se siguió hasta 1831, cuando las condiciones se modificaron de modo que la medalla se concediera al autor de la investigación que el Consejo de la Real Sociedad de Londres decidiera por mayoría que fuera el mayor merecedor de dicho honor. Joseph William Copley realizó en 1881 una segunda donación por valor de 1.666 £, 13 s y 4 d, de la que se destinaría la mitad de los intereses que rindieran dicha cantidad a cubrir los costos del galardón.
En su formato actual el galardón se concede anualmente y consiste en una medalla de plata dorada y un premio en metálico de 5.000 £. Los premiados, que en años consecutivos se alternan entre las ciencias físicas y biológicas, son elegidos por el Consejo de la Real Sociedad de Londres, a propuesta de los respectivos Comité de Premios en Ciencias Físicas y Comité de Premios en Ciencias Biológicas. El premio está abierto a los ciudadanos de un país de la Mancomunidad de Naciones o de la República de Irlanda, o de personas que habitualmente residan y trabajen en un país de la Mancomunidad de Naciones o en la República de Irlanda durante el período mínimo de los tres años inmediatamente anteriores a la que fecha de su propuesta. No hay limitaciones para el período en él se hayan realizado los logros de investigación y se puede conceder más de una vez a la misma persona. Las nominaciones son válidas durante cinco años, y el candidato no puede ser renominado hasta un año después de que haya expirado su nominación.[1]
La Real Sociedad de Londres también instituyó en 1825 y 1965 la Medalla Real, de manera independiente a la Medalla Copley, que en sus tres modalidades galardona anualmente las contribuciones más importantes en las ciencias físicas (1825), en las ciencias biológicas (1825) y en las ciencias aplicadas (1965).[2] Fueron varios los galardonados que han recibido varias veces la medalla: John Theophilus Desaguliers (1734, 1736 y 1741), Stephen Gray (1731 y 1732), John Canton (1751 y 1764). Y en varias ocasiones el galardón fue compartido: por tres medallistas (en 1766) y por dos (en 1783, 1791, 1798, 1821, 1825, 1827, 1832, 1836, 1837, 1838, 1840 y 2010). Y en veintiuna ocasiones no se entregó.
Galardonados
| º | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Imagen | Año | Distinguido | Nacionalidad | Profesión | Notas | Ref. |
| 1731 | Stephen Gray | Inglaterra | físico y científico natural | «For his new Electrical Experiments: – as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge.» | [3] | |
| 1732 | Stephen Gray (2.ª) | Inglaterra | Físico y científico natural | «For the Experiments he made for the year 1732.» | [3] | |
| — | 1733 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1734 | John Theophilus Desaguliers | Francia | filósofo natural | «In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society.» | [4] | |
| — | 1735 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1736 | John Theophilus Desaguliers (2.ª) | Francia | filósofo natural | «For his experiments made during the year.» | [4] | |
| 1737 | John Belchier | Reino Unido | Cirujano | «For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour.» | [5] | |
| 1738 | James Valoue | Inglaterra | Relojero | «For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster, the Model whereof had been shown to the Society.» | — | |
| 1739 | Stephen Hales | Inglaterra | Clérigo con contribuciones en medicina, fisiología, química y botánica | «For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea.» | [6] | |
| 1740 | Alexander Stuart | Escocia | filósofo natural y médico | «For his Lectures on Muscular Motion. As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein.» | [7] | |
| 1741 | John Theophilus Desaguliers (3.ª) | Francia | filósofo natural | «For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year.» | [4] | |
| 1742 | Christopher Middleton | Inglaterra | Oficial naval y navegante | «For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay.» | [8] | |
| 1743 | Abraham Trembley | Suiza | naturalista | «For his Experiments on the Polypus.» | — | |
| 1744 | Henry Baker | Inglaterra | naturalista | «For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum.» | [9] | |
| 1745 | William Watson | Inglaterra | naturalista, médico y físico | «On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments.» | [10] | |
| 1746 | Benjamin Robins | Inglaterra | Científico, matemático e ingeniero militar | «On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles.» | [11] | |
| 1747 | Gowin Knight | Inglaterra | científico e inventor | «On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets.» | [12] | |
| 1748 | James Bradley | Inglaterra | Astrónomo, nombrado Astrónomo Real | «On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion.» | [13] | |
| 1749 | John Harrison | Inglaterra | Relojero | «On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time.» | [14] | |
| 1750 | George Edwards | Inglaterra | naturalista y ornitólogo | «On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds, &c. – containing the Figures elegantly drawn, and illuminated in their proper colours, of 209 different Birds, and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds, Serpents, Fishes, and Insects.» | [15] | |
| 1751 | John Canton | Inglaterra | físico | «On account of his communicating to the Society, and exhibiting before them, his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones.» | [16] | |
| 1752 | John Pringle | Escocia | Médico, llamado el «padre de la medicina militar» | «On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society.» | [17] | |
| 1753 | Benjamin Franklin | Estados Unidos | político, polímata, científico e inventor | «On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity.» | [18] | |
| 1754 | William Lewis | Inglaterra | Químico y físico | «For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: – which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials.» | [19] | |
| 1755 | John Huxham | Inglaterra | Médico cirujano y escritor | «For his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society.» | [20] | |
| — | 1756 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1757 | Charles Cavendish, Lord Cavendish | Inglaterra | noble, político y científico | «On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer.» | [12] | |
| 1758 | John Dollond | Inglaterra | óptico | «On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society.» | [21] | |
| 1759 | John Smeaton | Inglaterra | ingeniero civil | «On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society. For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills.» | [22] | |
| 1760 | Benjamin Wilson | Inglaterra | Pintor, impresor y científico | «For his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year.» | [23] | |
| — | 1761 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| — | 1762 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| — | 1763 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1764 | John Canton (2.ª) | Inglaterra | físico | «For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids.» | [16] | |
| — | 1765 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| | 1766 | William Brownrigg Edward Delaval Henry Cavendish | Inglaterra Inglaterra Inglaterra | Médico y científico Físico natural físico y químico | «For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit». (Brownrigg) «For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations». (Delaval) «For his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air». (Cavendish) | [24] |
| 1767 | John Ellis | Irlanda | Naturalista | «For his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands.» | [25] | |
| 1768 | Peter Woulfe | Irlanda | químico y mineralogista | «For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances.» | [26] | |
| 1769 | William Hewson | Inglaterra | cirujano | «For his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, – and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish.» | — | |
| 1770 | William Hamilton | Escocia | diplomático, anticuario, arqueólogo y vulcanista. | «For his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna.» | [27] | |
| 1771 | Matthew Raper | Reino Unido | Astrónomo, matemático | «For his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money.» | — | |
| 1772 | Joseph Priestley | Inglaterra | científico y teólogo | «On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations.» | ||
| 1773 | John Walsh | Reino Unido | Científico y naturalista | «For his Paper on the Torpedo.» | [28] | |
| — | 1774 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1775 | Nevil Maskelyne | Inglaterra | Astrónomo | «In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, – on Schehallien.» | [29] | |
| 1776 | James Cook | Inglaterra | navegante, explorador, cartógrafo | «For his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public.» | [30] | |
| 1777 | John Mudge | Inglaterra | Médico y constructor amateur de espejos de telescopio | «On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form.» | — | |
| 1778 | Charles Hutton | Inglaterra | Matemático | «For his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments.» | [31] | |
| — | 1779 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1780 | Samuel Vince | Inglaterra | Clérigo, matemático y astrónomo | «For his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | [32] | |
| 1781 | William Herschel | Alemania (británico) | Astrónomo y músico | «For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this star has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision, and yet till now, eluded the most diligent researches of other observers.» | [33] | |
| 1782 | Richard Kirwan | Irlanda | Geólogo y químico | «As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. For his chemical analyses of Salts.» | [32] | |
| | 1783 | John Goodricke Thomas Hutchins | Inglaterra Países Bajos (británico) | Astrónomo Médico y naturalista | «For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol. (Goodricke)" "For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation. (Hutchins)" | [32] |
| 1784 | Edward Waring | Inglaterra | Matemático | «For his Mathematical Communications to the Society. For his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series.» | [34] | |
| 1785 | William Roy | Escocia | Ingeniero militar, topógrafo y anticuario | «For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath.» | [35] | |
| — | 1786 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1787 | John Hunter | Escocia | cirujano y anatomista | «For his three Papers, – On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787.» | [36] | |
| 1788 | Charles Blagden | Inglaterra | físico y químico | «For his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions.» | [37] | |
| 1789 | William Morgan | Gales | Médico, físico y estatidistico | «For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions.» | [38] | |
| — | 1790 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| | 1791 | James Rennell Jean-André Deluc | Inglaterra Suiza | Geógrafo, historiador y pionero de oceanografía Geólogo y meteorólogo | «For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions». (Rennell) «For his Improvements in Hygrometry». (De Luc) | [39] |
| 1792 | Benjamin Thompson | Reino Unido | físico e inventor (británico nacido en Estados Unidos) | «For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat.» | [40] | |
| — | 1793 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1794 | Alessandro Volta | Italia | Químico y físico | «For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani.» | [39] | |
| 1795 | Jesse Ramsden | Inglaterra | matemático, astrónomo y constructor de instrumentos | «For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates.» | [41] | |
| 1796 | George Atwood | Inglaterra | Físico y matemático | «For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies.» | [42] | |
| — | 1797 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| | 1798 | George Shuckburgh-Evelyn Charles Hatchett | Irlanda Inglaterra | Político, matemático y astrónomo Mineralogista y químico analítico | «For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions». (Evelyn) «For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions». (Hatchett) | [43] |
| 1799 | John Hellins | Inglaterra | Matemático, astrónomo | «For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers.» | [44] | |
| 1800 | Edward Howard | Inglaterra | Militar | «For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury.» | [45] | |
| 1801 | Astley Paston Cooper | Inglaterra | Cirujano y anatomista | «For his Papers – on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness.» | [46] | |
| 1802 | William Hyde Wollaston | Inglaterra | Físico y químico | «For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | [47] | |
| 1803 | Richard Chenevix | Irlanda | Químico, mineralogista | «For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | [48] | |
| 1804 | Smithson Tennant | Inglaterra | químico | «For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions.» | [49] | |
| 1805 | Humphry Davy | Inglaterra | Químico | «For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions.» | [50] | |
| 1806 | Thomas Andrew Knight | Inglaterra | Horticultor y botánico | «For his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | [51] | |
| 1807 | Everard Home | Inglaterra | cirujano | «For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | — | |
| 1808 | William Henry | Inglaterra | Químico | «For his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | — | |
| 1809 | Edward Troughton | Inglaterra | fabricante de instrumental | «For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions.» | [52] | |
| — | 1810 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1811 | Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie | Inglaterra | Fisiólogo y cirujano | «For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons.» | [53] | |
| — | 1812 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1813 | William Thomas Brande | Inglaterra | Químico | «For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | — | |
| 1814 | James Ivory | Escocia | Matemático | «For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | [54] | |
| 1815 | David Brewster | Escocia | naturalista, inventor y escritor. | «For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies.» | [55] | |
| — | 1816 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1817 | Henry Kater | Inglaterra | Físico | «For his Experiments on the Pendulum.» | [56] | |
| 1818 | Robert Seppings | Inglaterra | Arquitecto naval | «For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.» | — | |
| — | 1819 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1820 | Hans Christian Orsted | Dinamarca | físico y químico | «For his Electro-magnetic Discoveries.» | [57] | |
| | 1821 | Edward Sabine John Herschel | Irlanda Inglaterra | Astrónomo, geofísico, botánico, ornitólogo y explorador Matemático y astrónomo | «For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions.» (Sabine) «For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions.»(Herschel) | [58] |
| 1822 | William Buckland | Inglaterra | Naturalista, geólogo y paleontólogo | «For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale.» | [59] | |
| 1823 | John Pond | Inglaterra | Astrónomo | «For his various Communications to the Royal Society.» | — | |
| 1824 | John Brinkley | Inglaterra | Astrónomo | «For his various Communications to the Royal Society.» | [60] | |
| | 1825 | François Arago Peter Barlow | Francia Inglaterra | Matemático, físico y astrónomo Matemático y físico | «For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic, to receive magnetic impressions, in the same, though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron, and in an infinitely less intense degree. (Arago)" "For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism. (Barlow)" | [61] |
| 1826 | James South | Inglaterra | Astrónomo | «For his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society. For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty-eight Double and Triple Stars, published in the present volume (1826, Part 1.) of the Transactions.» | [62] | |
| 1827 | William Prout Henry Foster | «For his Paper entitled, On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances, with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general.» (Prout) «For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen.» (Foster) | [63] | |||
| — | 1828 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| — | 1829 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| — | 1830 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1831 | George Biddell Airy | Inglaterra | Astrónomo y matemático | «For his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, – On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.» | [64] | |
| | 1832 | Michael Faraday Simeon Poisson | Físico | «For his discovery of Magneto-Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity, published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year.» (Faraday) «For his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire.» (Poisson) | [65] | |
| — | 1833 | No entregada | — | — | — | — |
| 1834 | Giovanni Antonio Amedeo | «For his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune.» | [66] | |||
| 1835 | William Snow Harris | Inglaterra | Médico e investigador eléctrico | «For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834.» | [50] | |
| 1836 | Jöns Jacob Berzelius Francis Kiernan | «For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works». (Berzelius) «For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833». (Kiernan) | — | |||
| | 1837 | Antoine César Becquerel John Frederic Daniell | «For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires». (Becquerel) «For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836». (Daniell) | [67] | ||
| | 1838 | Carl Friedrich Gauss Michael Faraday | «For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism». (Gauss) «For his researches in specific electrical induction». (Faraday) | [68] | ||
| 1839 | Robert Brown | «For his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation.» | [69] | |||
| | 1840 | Justus Liebig Jacques Charles François Sturm | «For his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals». (Liebig) «For his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835». (Sturm) | [70][71] | ||
| 1841 | Georg Ohm | Alemania | Físico y matemático | «For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet.» | [72] | |
| 1842 | James MacCullagh | Irlanda | Matemático | «For his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy.» | [73] | |
| 1843 | Jean Baptiste Dumas | Francia | Químico, político | «For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry, particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution, and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and other elements.» | — | |
| 1844 | Carlo Matteucci | Italia | Físico | «For his various researches in animal electricity.» | [74] | |
| 1845 | Theodor Schwann | Alemania | Naturalista, fisiólogo y anatomista | «For his physiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Pflanzen.» | — | |
| 1846 | Urbain Le Verrier | Francia | Matemático | «For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet; the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation.» | [75] | |
| 1847 | John Herschel | Inglaterra | Matemático y astrónomo | «For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825.» | [58] | |
| 1848 | John Couch Adams | Inglaterra | Matemático y astrónomo | «For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto.» | [76] | |
| 1849 | Roderick Murchison | Escocia | Geólogo, paleontólogo, naturalista, pteridólogo, algólogo | «For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe; and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System, as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England, and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains.» | — | |
| 1850 | Peter Andreas Hansen | Dinamarca | Astrónomo | «For his researches in physical astronomy.» | [50] | |
| 1851 | Richard Owen | Inglaterra | biólogo, paleontólogo y anatomista comparativo | «On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works.» | [77] | |
| 1852 | Alexander von Humboldt | Alemania | Geógrafo, astrónomo, humanista, naturalista y explorador | «For his eminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years.» | [78] | |
| 1853 | Heinrich Wilhelm Dove | Alemania | Físico, climatólogo y meteorólogo | «For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth.» | — | |
| 1854 | Johannes Peter Müller | Alemania | Anatomista y fisiólogo | «For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin.» | [79] | |
| 1855 | Léon Foucault | Francia | Físico y astrónomo | «For his various researches in experimental physics.» | [50] | |
| 1856 | Henri Milne-Edwards | Francia | Zoólogo | «For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology.» | — | |
| 1857 | Michel Eugène Chevreul | Francia | Químico | «For his researches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, and for his researches on the contrast of coulours.» | [50] | |
| 1858 | Charles Lyell | Escocia | Geólogo | «For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology.» | [50] | |
| 1859 | Wilhelm Eduard Weber | «For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity, magnetism, acoustics.» | [80] | |||
| 1860 | Robert Wilhelm Bunsen | «For his researches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland; and other researches.» | [50] | |||
| 1861 | Louis Agassiz | «For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse.» | [50] | |||
| 1862 | Thomas Graham | «For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis, including a distinction of compounds into colloids & crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861.» | [81] | |||
| 1863 | Adam Sedgwick | «For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks, and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System, by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks & their fossils in Devonshire.» | [82] | |||
| 1864 | Charles Darwin | «For his important researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology.» | [50] | |||
| 1865 | Michel Chasles | «For his historical and original researches in pure geometry.» | [83] | |||
| 1866 | Julius Plücker | «For his researches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis.» | [84] | |||
| 1867 | Karl Ernst von Baer | «For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology.» | [50] | |||
| 1868 | Charles Wheatstone | «For his researches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism.» | [50] | |||
| 1869 | Henri Victor Regnault | «For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaires au calcul des machines a feu, including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours, and various papers on the elastic force of vapours.» | [50] | |||
| 1870 | James Prescott Joule | «For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat.» | [50] | |||
| 1871 | Julius Robert von Mayer | «For his researches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: – 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat.» | [50] | |||
| 1872 | Friedrich Woehler | «For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia; on the derivatives of uric acid; on the benzoyl series; on boron, silicon, & their compounds; and on meteoric stones.» | [50] | |||
| 1873 | Hermann Helmholtz | «For his researches in physics and physiology.» | [85] | |||
| 1874 | Louis Pasteur | «For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine.» | [50] | |||
| 1875 | August Wilhelm Hofmann | «For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia.» | [86] | |||
| 1876 | Claude Bernard | «For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology.» | [50] | |||
| 1877 | James Dwight Dana | «For his biological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published.» | [50] | |||
| 1878 | Jean-Baptiste Boussingault | «For his long-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry.» | [87] | |||
| 1879 | Rudolf Clausius | «For his well-known researches upon heat.» | [88] | |||
| 1880 | James Joseph Sylvester | «For his long continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics.» | [89] | |||
| 1881 | Karl Adolph Wurtz | «For his discovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry.» | — | |||
| 1882 | Arthur Cayley | «For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics.» | [90] | |||
| 1883 | William Thomson, Lord Kelvin | «For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics.» | [91] | |||
| 1884 | Carl Ludwig | «For his investigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science.» | — | |||
| 1885 | Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz | «For his researches in organic chemistry.» | [50] | |||
| 1886 | Franz Ernst Neumann | «For his researches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics.» | [92] | |||
| 1887 | Joseph Dalton Hooker | «For his services to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller.» | [50] | |||
| 1888 | Thomas Henry Huxley | «For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years.» | [50] | |||
| 1889 | George Salmon | «For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author.» | [93] | |||
| 1890 | Simon Newcomb | Canadá (estadounidense) | Astrónomo y matemático estadounidense de origen canadiense | «For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy.» | [94] | |
| 1891 | Stanislao Cannizzaro | Italia | Químico | «For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory.» | [50] | |
| 1892 | Rudolf Virchow | Alemania | Médico patólogo, antropólogo, político y biólogo | «For his investigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology.» | [50] | |
| 1893 | George Gabriel Stokes | Irlanda | Matemático y físico | «For his researches and discoveries in physical science.» | [95] | |
| 1894 | Edward Frankland | Inglaterra | Químico | «For his eminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry.» | [96] | |
| 1895 | Karl Weierstrass | Alemania | Matemático | «For his investigations in pure mathematics.» | [97] | |
| 1896 | Karl Gegenbaur | Alemania | Anatomista | «For his life-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom. etc., etc.» | — | |
| 1897 | Rudolph Albert von Kölliker | Suiza | Anatomista, embriólogo, fisiólogo, zoólogo y botánico | «In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist.» | — | |
| 1898 | William Huggins | Inglaterra | Astrónomo | «For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies.» | [50] | |
| 1899 | John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh Premio Nobel de Física de 1904 | Inglaterra | físico | «In recognition of his contributions to physical science.» | [98] | |
| 1900 | Marcellin Berthelot | Francia | Químico e historiador | «For his brilliant services to chemical science.» | [50] | |
| 1901 | Willard Gibbs | Estados Unidos | físico | «For his contributions to mathematical physics.» | [99] | |
| 1902 | Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister | Inglaterra | Cirujano | «In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery.» | [100] | |
| 1903 | Eduard Suess | Austria | geólogo | «For his eminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work 'Das Antlitz der Erde'.» | [100] | |
| 1904 | William Crookes | Inglaterra | Químico | «For his long-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects.» | [100] | |
| 1905 | Dmitri Mendeleev | Rusia | Químico | «For his contributions to chemical and physical science.» | [100] | |
| 1906 | Elias Metchnikoff Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina en 1908 | Ucrania (y ruso y francés) | Microbiólogo | «On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology.» | [100] | |
| 1907 | Albert Abraham Michelson Premio Nobel de Física en 1907 | Estados Unidos | Físico | «On the ground of his investigations in optics.» | [100] | |
| 1908 | Alfred Russel Wallace | Gales | naturalista, explorador, geógrafo, antropólogo y biólogo | «On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection.» | [100] | |
| 1909 | George William Hill | Estados Unidos | Astrónomo y matemático | «On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy.» | [100] | |
| 1910 | Francis Galton | Inglaterra | polímata, antropólogo, geógrafo, explorador, inventor, meteorólogo, estadístico, psicólogo y eugenista | «On the ground of his researches in heredity.» | [100] | |
| 1911 | George Howard Darwin | Inglaterra | Astrónomo | «On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects.» | [100] | |
| 1912 | Felix Klein | Alemania | Matemático | «On the ground of his researches in mathematics.» | [101] | |
| 1913 | Ray Lankester | Inglaterra | naturalista, zoólogo, y algólogo | «On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him.» | [102] | |
| 1914 | Joseph John Thomson Premio Nobel de Física en 1906 | Inglaterra | científico | «On the ground of his discoveries in physical science.» | [100] | |
| 1915 | Iván Pávlov | Rusia | fisiólogo | «On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system.» | [100] | |
| 1916 | James Dewar | Escocia | físico y químico | «For his important investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases.» | [100] | |
| 1917 | Pierre Paul Émile Roux | Francia | Médico, bacteriólogo e inmunólogo | «On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy.» | [103] | |
| 1918 | Hendrik Lorentz Premio Nobel de Física de 1902 | Países Bajos | físico | «On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics.» | [100] | |
| 1919 | William Bayliss | Inglaterra | fisiólogo | «On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics.» | [100] | |
| 1920 | Horace Brown | Reino Unido | Químico | «On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates, &c.» | [104] | |
| 1921 | Joseph Larmor | Irlanda del Norte | físico y matemático | «For his researches in mathematical physics.» | [105] | |
| 1922 | Ernest Rutherford Premio Nobel de Química en 1908 | Nueva Zelanda | físico | «For his researches in radio activity & atomic structure.» | [100] | |
| 1923 | Horace Lamb | Matemático aplicado | «For his researches in mathematical physics.» | [106] | ||
| 1924 | Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer | Inglaterra | fisiólogo | «For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences.» | — | |
| 1925 | Albert Einstein Premio Nobel de Física 1921 | Alemania (luego suizo, austriaco y estadounidense) | físico | «For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory.» | [100] | |
| 1926 | Frederick Hopkins Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina en 1929 | Inglaterra | bioquímico | «For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry.» | [107] | |
| 1927 | Charles Sherrington premio Nobel de Medicina de 1932 | Inglaterra | Neurofisiólogo | «For his distinguished work on neurology.» | [108] | |
| 1928 | Charles Algernon Parsons | Inglaterra | ingeniero e inventor | «For his contributions to engineering science.» | — | |
| 1929 | Max Planck Premio Nobel de Física en 1918 | Alemania | físico y matemático | «For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory.» | [109] | |
| 1930 | William Bragg Premio Nobel de Física de 1915 | Inglaterra | físico | «For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity.» | [110] | |
| 1931 | Arthur Schuster | Alemania (británico) | físico | «For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism.» | [111] | |
| 1932 | George Ellery Hale | Estados Unidos | Astrónomo solar | «For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory.» | [112] | |
| 1933 | Theobald Smith | Estados Unidos | epidemiólogo y patólogo | «For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man.» | [113] | |
| 1934 | John Scott Haldane | Escocia | filósofo y biólogo | «In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering.» | [114] | |
| 1935 | Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Premio Nobel de Física en 1927 | Escocia | físico | «For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties.» | [115] | |
| 1936 | Arthur Evans | Inglaterra | Arqueólogo | «In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age.» | [116] | |
| 1937 | Henry Dale Premio Nobel de Medicina en 1936 | Inglaterra | fisiólogo | «In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems.» | [117] | |
| 1938 | Niels Bohr Premio Nobel de Física en 1922 | Dinamarca | físico | «In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure.» | [118] | |
| 1939 | Thomas Hunt Morgan Premio Nobel de Fisiología y Medicina en 1933 | Estados Unidos | genetista | «For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution.» | [119] | |
| 1940 | Paul Langevin | Francia | físico | «For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics.» | [120] | |
| 1941 | Thomas Lewis | Gales | Cardiólogo | «For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart.» | [121] | |
| 1942 | Robert Robinson Premio Nobel de Química de 1947 | Inglaterra | Químico | «For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry.» | [122] | |
| 1943 | Joseph Barcroft | Irlanda del Norte | fisiólogo | «For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood.» | [123] | |
| 1946 | Geoffrey Taylor | Inglaterra | físico y matemático | «For his many contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications.» | [124] | |
| 1945 | Oswald Theodore Avery | Canadá | Médico y biólogo molecular | «For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases.» | [125] | |
| 1946 | Edgar Douglas Adrian Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1932 | Inglaterra | Fisiólogo | «For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions.» | [126] | |
| 1947 | G. H. Hardy | Inglaterra | Matemático | «For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years.» | [127] | |
| 1948 | Archibald Vivian Hill Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1922 | Inglaterra | fisiólogo y matemático | «For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues.» | [128] | |
| 1949 | George Charles De Hevesy Premio Nobel de Química de 1943 | Suecia | Químico-físico | «For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes.» | [129] | |
| 1950 | James Chadwick Premio Nobel de física de 1935 | Inglaterra | físico | «For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron.» | [130] | |
| 1951 | David Keilin | Rusia (británico) | naturalista, bioquímico, entomólogo | «For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes.» | [131] | |
| 1952 | Paul Dirac Premio Nobel de física de 1933 | Inglaterra | ingeniero eléctrico, matemático y físico teórico | «In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics.» | [132] | |
| 1953 | Albert Kluyver | Nueva Zelanda | Microbiólogo, micólogo y bioquímico | «For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology.» | — | |
| 1954 | Edmund Whittaker | Escocia | Matemático | «For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics.» | [133] | |
| 1955 | Ronald Fisher | Inglaterra | estadístico y biólogo | «In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology.» | [134] | |
| 1956 | Patrick Blackett Premio Nobel de Física en 1948 | Inglaterra | físico experimental | «In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism.» | — | |
| 1957 | Howard Florey Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina de 1945 | Australia | farmacólogo | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine.» | [135] | |
| 1958 | John Edensor Littlewood | Inglaterra | Matemático | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and nonlinear differential equations"- | [136] | |
| 1959 | Macfarlane Burnet Premio Nobel de Medicina en 1960 | Australia | biólogo | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology.» | [137] | |
| 1960 | Harold Jeffreys | Inglaterra | Matemático, estadistístico, geofísico y astrónomo | «In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy.» | [138] | |
| 1961 | Hans Adolf Krebs Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina en 1953 | Alemania | bioquímico | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles.» | [139] | |
| 1962 | Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Premio Nobel de Química en 1956 | Inglaterra | Químico | «In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy.» | [140] | |
| 1963 | Paul Fildes | Inglaterra | patólogo y microbiólogo | «In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology.» | — | |
| 1964 | Sydney Chapman | Inglaterra (estadounidense) | Matemático y geofísico | «In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis.» | [141] | |
| 1965 | Alan Hodgkin Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina de 1963 | Inglaterra | fisiólogo y biofísico | «In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology.» | — | |
| 1966 | William Lawrence Bragg Premio Nobel de Física de 1915 | Australia | físico | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by Xray diffraction.» | [100] | |
| 1967 | Bernard Katz Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina en 1970 | Alemania Reino Unido | biofísico | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction.» | — | |
| 1968 | Tadeus Reichstein Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina en 1950 | Polonia | Bioquímico | «In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the corticosteroids.» | — | |
| 1969 | Peter Medawar Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina de 1960 | Reino Unido | zoólogo, médico, inmunólogo, divulgador científico y filósofo | «In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance.» | [100] | |
| 1970 | Alexander Todd Premio Nobel de Química de 1957. | Escocia | Químico | «In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types.» | [100] | |
| 1971 | Norman Pirie | Inglaterra | Bioquímico y virólogo | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses.» | — | |
| 1972 | Nevill Mott Premio Nobel de Física del año 1977 | Inglaterra | físico | «In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics.» | [100] | |
| 1973 | Andrew Huxley Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina de 1963 | Inglaterra | fisiólogo y biofísico | «In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction.» | — | |
| 1974 | W. V. D. Hodge | Escocia | Matemático y geómetra | «In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals.» | [142] | |
| 1975 | Francis Crick Premio Nobel de fisiología y medicina de 1962 | Inglaterra | físico, biólogo molecular y neurocientífico | «In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology.» | [100] | |
| 1976 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Premio Nobel de Química en 1964. | Reino Unido | Química | «In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B and insulin"12 | [100] | |
| 1977 | Frederick Sanger Premio Nobel de Química (1958 y 1980) | Inglaterra | Bioquímico | «In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids.» | [100] | |
| 1978 | Robert B. Woodward Premio Nobel de Química del año 1965 | Estados Unidos | Químico | «In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry.» | [100] | |
| 1979 | Max Perutz Premio Nobel de Química del año 1962 | Austria | Química | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject.» | [100] | |
| 1980 | Derek Harold Richard Barton Premio Nobel de Química del año 1969 | Inglaterra | Químico | «In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and, in particular, his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry.» | [100] | |
| 1981 | Peter Dennis Mitchell Premio Nobel de Química de 1978 | Inglaterra | Bioquímico | «In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction.» | [100] | |
| 1982 | John Cornforth Premio Nobel de Química de 1975 | Australia (británico) | Químico | «In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemicallycontrolled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules"- | [143] | |
| 1983 | Rodney Porter Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina de 1972 | Inglaterra | Bioquímico | «In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins.» | — | |
| 1984 | Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Premio Nobel de Física de 1983 | India (estadounidense) | Físico teórico, astrofísico y matemático | «In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity.» | [144] | |
| 1985 | Aaron Klug Premio Nobel de Química de 1982 | Lituania (británico) | químico y bioquímico | «In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them.» | — | |
| 1986 | Rudolph Peierls | Alemania (británico) | físico | «In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials.» | — | |
| 1987 | Robert Hill | Inglaterra | bioquímico | «In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis.» | — | |
| 1988 | Michael Francis Atiyah | Inglaterra | Matemático | «In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics.» | [145] | |
| 1989 | César Milstein Premio Nobel en Medicina en 1984 | Argentina | Químico | «In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response.» | — | |
| 1990 | Abdus Salam Premio Nobel de Física en 1979 | Pakistán | físico teórico | «In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces.» | [146] | |
| 1991 | Sydney Brenner Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina de 2002 | Sudán | Biólogo | «In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project.» | — | |
| 1992 | George Porter Premio Nobel de Química del año 1967 | Inglaterra | Químico | «In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology.» | [147] | |
| 1993 | James D. Watson Premio Nobel en Fisiología o Medicina de 1962 | Estados Unidos | Biólogo | «In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome.» | [148] | |
| 1994 | Charles Frank | Reino Unido | físico teórico | «In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology, in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth; to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination; and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals. He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems.» | — | |
| 1995 | Frank Fenner | Australia | Médico | «In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease.» | — | |
| 1996 | Alan Cottrell | Inglaterra | Metalúrgico y físico | «In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects.» | [149] | |
| 1997 | Hugh Huxley | Inglaterra | Biólogo | «In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology.» | — | |
| 1998 | James Lighthill | Reino Unido | Matemático | «In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design. He is noted also for his groundbreaking work on both external biofluiddynamics analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying and internal biofluiddynamics, including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways, and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing"---––-- | [150] | |
| 1999 | John Maynard Smith | Inglaterra | genetista e investigador en biología evolutiva | «In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology, including his experimental work on sexual selection, his important contributions to our understanding of ageing, his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution, both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking, and with his more recent, ongoing work on bacterial population growth.» | [151] | |
| 2000 | Alan Battersby | Inglaterra | Químico orgánico | «In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids. His approach, which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules, combines isolation work, structure determination, synthesis, isotopic labelling and spectroscopy, especially advanced NMR, as well as genetics and molecular biology. This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B"12 | — | |
| 2001 | Jacques Miller | Francia australiano | Médico e investigador | «For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology. Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections, producing new vaccines, enhancing graft survival, dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells.» | — | |
| 2002 | John Pople Premio Nobel de Química en 1998. | Inglaterra | Químico y matemático | «For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology.» | [152] | |
| 2003 | John Gurdon Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina en 2012 | Inglaterra | biólogo | «For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology. He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain, a concept fundamental to modern biology.» | — | |
| 2004 | Harold Kroto Premio Nobel de Química de 1996 | Inglaterra | Químico | «in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy, and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science.» | [153] | |
| 2005 | Paul Nurse Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina de 2001 | Inglaterra | bioquímico | «for his contributions to cell biology in general, and to the elucidation of the control of cell division.» | ||
| 2006 | Stephen Hawking | Inglaterra | físico teórico, astrofísico, cosmólogo y divulgador científico | «For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology. .» | [30] | |
| 2007 | Robert May | «for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance.» | — | |||
| 2008 | Roger Penrose | Inglaterra | Físico y matemático | «for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang.» | — | |
| 2009 | Martin Evans Premio Nobel de Medicina o Fisiología en 2007 | Inglaterra | Genetista y bioquímico | «for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics.» | — | |
| | 2010 [Nota 1] | David Cox Tomas Lindahl Premio Nobel de Química en 2015 | Inglaterra Suecia | Estadístico Médico, y biólogo | «for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics.» «for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair.» | — |
| 2011 | Dan McKenzie | Inglaterra | Geólogo | «For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates.» | — | |
| 2012 | John E. Walker Premio Nobel de Química de 1997 | Inglaterra | Químico | «For his groundbreaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion.» | [155] | |
| 2013 | Andre Geim Premio Nobel de Física de 2010 | Países Bajos | Físico | «For his numerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures.» | — | |
| 2014 | Alec Jeffreys | Inglaterra | genetista | «For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome.» | [156] | |
| 2015 | Peter Higgs medalla, copley, premio, otorga, anualmente, real, sociedad, londres, persona, física, como, reconocimiento, trabajo, científico, logros, sobresalientes, ciencias, físicas, biológicas, galardón, más, antiguo, concedido, institución, académica, primera, medalla. La Medalla Copley es un premio que otorga anualmente la Real Sociedad de Londres a una persona fisica como reconocimiento al trabajo cientifico por sus logros sobresalientes en las ciencias fisicas o biologicas Es el galardon mas antiguo concedido por una institucion academica ya que la primera medalla se concedio en 1731 Medalla CopleyLa Medalla Copley en 1905 Premio aciencias fisicas biologicasOtorgado porReal Sociedad de LondresUbicacionReino Unido Reino UnidoHistoriaPrimera entrega1731Medalla Copley Sitio web oficial editar datos en Wikidata Historia EditarEl premio se creo tras el legado postumo realizado a la Real Sociedad de Londres en 1709 por Godfrey Copley prospero terrateniente de Sprotbrough cerca de Doncaster miembro por eleccion de la Real Sociedad de Londres desde 1691 El monto ascendia a 100 y el interes sobre el mismo se utilizaria para la realizacion de experimentos durante una serie de anos Las condiciones de la medalla han variado varias veces a lo largo del tiempo En 1736 se acordo conceder una medalla por valor de 5 ya fuera para el descubrimiento cientifico mas importante o para el mayor aporte experimental norma que se siguio hasta 1831 cuando las condiciones se modificaron de modo que la medalla se concediera al autor de la investigacion que el Consejo de la Real Sociedad de Londres decidiera por mayoria que fuera el mayor merecedor de dicho honor Joseph William Copley realizo en 1881 una segunda donacion por valor de 1 666 13 s y 4 d de la que se destinaria la mitad de los intereses que rindieran dicha cantidad a cubrir los costos del galardon En su formato actual el galardon se concede anualmente y consiste en una medalla de plata dorada y un premio en metalico de 5 000 Los premiados que en anos consecutivos se alternan entre las ciencias fisicas y biologicas son elegidos por el Consejo de la Real Sociedad de Londres a propuesta de los respectivos Comite de Premios en Ciencias Fisicas y Comite de Premios en Ciencias Biologicas El premio esta abierto a los ciudadanos de un pais de la Mancomunidad de Naciones o de la Republica de Irlanda o de personas que habitualmente residan y trabajen en un pais de la Mancomunidad de Naciones o en la Republica de Irlanda durante el periodo minimo de los tres anos inmediatamente anteriores a la que fecha de su propuesta No hay limitaciones para el periodo en el se hayan realizado los logros de investigacion y se puede conceder mas de una vez a la misma persona Las nominaciones son validas durante cinco anos y el candidato no puede ser renominado hasta un ano despues de que haya expirado su nominacion 1 La Real Sociedad de Londres tambien instituyo en 1825 y 1965 la Medalla Real de manera independiente a la Medalla Copley que en sus tres modalidades galardona anualmente las contribuciones mas importantes en las ciencias fisicas 1825 en las ciencias biologicas 1825 y en las ciencias aplicadas 1965 2 Fueron varios los galardonados que han recibido varias veces la medalla John Theophilus Desaguliers 1734 1736 y 1741 Stephen Gray 1731 y 1732 John Canton 1751 y 1764 Y en varias ocasiones el galardon fue compartido por tres medallistas en 1766 y por dos en 1783 1791 1798 1821 1825 1827 1832 1836 1837 1838 1840 y 2010 Y en veintiuna ocasiones no se entrego Galardonados EditarGalardonados con la Medalla Copley ºImagen Ano Distinguido Nacionalidad Profesion Notas Ref 1731 Stephen Gray Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico y cientifico natural For his new Electrical Experiments as an encouragement to him for the readiness he has always shown in obliging the Society with his discoveries and improvements in this part of Natural Knowledge 3 1732 Stephen Gray 2 ª Inglaterra Inglaterra Fisico y cientifico natural For the Experiments he made for the year 1732 3 1733 No entregada 1734 John Theophilus Desaguliers Francia filosofo natural In consideration of his several Experiments performed before the Society 4 1735 No entregada 1736 John Theophilus Desaguliers 2 ª Francia filosofo natural For his experiments made during the year 4 1737 John Belchier Reino Unido Reino Unido Cirujano For his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour 5 1738 James Valoue Inglaterra Inglaterra Relojero For his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster the Model whereof had been shown to the Society 1739 Stephen Hales Inglaterra Inglaterra Clerigo con contribuciones en medicina fisiologia quimica y botanica For his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea 6 1740 Alexander Stuart Escocia Escocia filosofo natural y medico For his Lectures on Muscular Motion As a further addition for his services to the Society in the care and pains he has taken therein 7 1741 John Theophilus Desaguliers 3 ª Francia filosofo natural For his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity As an addition to his allowance as Curator for the present year 4 1742 Christopher Middleton Inglaterra Inglaterra Oficial naval y navegante For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay 8 1743 Abraham Trembley Suiza Suiza naturalista For his Experiments on the Polypus 1744 Henry Baker Inglaterra Inglaterra naturalista For his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum 9 1745 William Watson Inglaterra Inglaterra naturalista medico y fisico On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity exhibited in his late Experiments 10 1746 Benjamin Robins Inglaterra Inglaterra Cientifico matematico e ingeniero militar On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles 11 1747 Gowin Knight Inglaterra Inglaterra cientifico e inventor On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him both with Natural and Artificial Magnets 12 1748 James Bradley Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo nombrado Astronomo Real On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars and the causes of such apparent motion 13 1749 John Harrison Inglaterra Inglaterra Relojero On account of those very curious Instruments invented and made by him for the exact mensuration of Time 14 1750 George Edwards Inglaterra Inglaterra naturalista y ornitologo On account of a very curious Book lately published by him and intiyled A Natural History of Birds amp c containing the Figures elegantly drawn and illuminated in their proper colours of 209 different Birds and about 20 very rare Quadrupeds Serpents Fishes and Insects 15 1751 John Canton Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico On account of his communicating to the Society and exhibiting before them his curious method of making Artificial Magnets without the use of Natural ones 16 1752 John Pringle Escocia Escocia Medico llamado el padre de la medicina militar On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti septic Substances communicated to the Society 17 1753 Benjamin Franklin Estados Unidos politico polimata cientifico e inventor On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity 18 1754 William Lewis Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico y fisico For the many Experiments made by him on Platina which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold which he would have entirely completed but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials 19 1755 John Huxham Inglaterra Inglaterra Medico cirujano y escritor For his many useful Experiments on Antimony of which an account had been read to the Society 20 1756 No entregada 1757 Charles Cavendish Lord Cavendish Inglaterra Inglaterra noble politico y cientifico On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer 12 1758 John Dollond Inglaterra Inglaterra optico On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light communicated to the Society 21 1759 John Smeaton Inglaterra Inglaterra ingeniero civil On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water wheels and Wind mill Sails communicated to the Society For his experimental enquiry concerning the powers of water and wind in the moving of Mills 22 1760 Benjamin Wilson Inglaterra Inglaterra Pintor impresor y cientifico For his many curious Experiments in Electricity communicated to the Society within the year 23 1761 No entregada 1762 No entregada 1763 No entregada 1764 John Canton 2 ª Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico For his very ingenious and elegant Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine to prove the Compressibility of Water and some other Fluids 16 1765 No entregada 1766 William BrownriggEdward DelavalHenry Cavendish Inglaterra Inglaterra Inglaterra InglaterraInglaterra Inglaterra Medico y cientificoFisico natural fisico y quimico For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit or Air contained in Spa Water as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit Brownrigg For his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals and their colours when united to glass as well as those of their other preparations Delaval For his Paper communicated this present year containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air Cavendish 24 1767 John Ellis Irlanda Naturalista For his Papers of the year 1767 On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina and the Actinia Sociata or Clustered Animal Flower lately found on the sea coasts of the new ceded Islands 25 1768 Peter Woulfe Irlanda quimico y mineralogista For his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids Volatile Alkalies and other substances 26 1769 William Hewson Inglaterra Inglaterra cirujano For his Two Papers entitled An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish 1770 William Hamilton Escocia Escocia diplomatico anticuario arqueologo y vulcanista For his Paper entitled An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna 27 1771 Matthew Raper Reino Unido Reino Unido Astronomo matematico For his paper entitled An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money 1772 Joseph Priestley Inglaterra Inglaterra cientifico y teologo On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations 1773 John Walsh Reino Unido Reino Unido Cientifico y naturalista For his Paper on the Torpedo 28 1774 No entregada 1775 Nevil Maskelyne Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains made in Scotland on Schehallien 29 1776 James Cook Inglaterra Inglaterra navegante explorador cartografo For his Paper giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H M Ship the Resolution during her late voyage round the world Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public 30 1777 John Mudge Inglaterra Inglaterra Medico y constructor amateur de espejos de telescopio On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes together with a description of the process for grinding polishing and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form 1778 Charles Hutton Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico For his paper entitled The force of Fired Gunpowder and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls determined by Experiments 31 1779 No entregada 1780 Samuel Vince Inglaterra Inglaterra Clerigo matematico y astronomo For his paper entitled An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion printed in the Philosophical Transactions 32 1781 William Herschel Alemania Alemania britanico Astronomo y musico For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star a discovery which does him particular honour as in all probability this star has been for many years perhaps ages within the bounds of astronomic vision and yet till now eluded the most diligent researches of other observers 33 1782 Richard Kirwan Irlanda Geologo y quimico As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry For his chemical analyses of Salts 32 1783 John GoodrickeThomas Hutchins Inglaterra InglaterraPaises Bajos Paises Bajos britanico Astronomo Medico y naturalista For his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol Goodricke For his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation Hutchins 32 1784 Edward Waring Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico For his Mathematical Communications to the Society For his Paper On the Summation of Series whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series 34 1785 William Roy Escocia Escocia Ingeniero militar topografo y anticuario For his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath 35 1786 No entregada 1787 John Hunter Escocia Escocia cirujano y anatomista For his three Papers On the Ovaria On the identity of the dog wolf and jackall species and On the anatomy of Whales printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787 36 1788 Charles Blagden Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico y quimico For his two Papers on Congelation printed in the last 78th volume of the Philosophical transactions 37 1789 William Morgan Gales Gales Medico fisico y estatidistico For his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions 38 1790 No entregada 1791 James RennellJean Andre Deluc Inglaterra InglaterraSuiza Suiza Geografo historiador y pionero de oceanografiaGeologo y meteorologo For his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels printed in the last 81st volume of the Philosophical Transactions Rennell For his Improvements in Hygrometry De Luc 39 1792 Benjamin Thompson Reino Unido Reino Unido fisico e inventor britanico nacido en Estados Unidos For his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat 40 1793 No entregada 1794 Alessandro Volta Italia Italia Quimico y fisico For his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani 39 1795 Jesse Ramsden Inglaterra Inglaterra matematico astronomo y constructor de instrumentos For his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy and by Lieut Col Williams and his associates 41 1796 George Atwood Inglaterra Inglaterra Fisico y matematico For his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely and at rest and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies 42 1797 No entregada 1798 George Shuckburgh Evelyn Charles Hatchett IrlandaInglaterra Inglaterra Politico matematico y astronomo Mineralogista y quimico analitico For his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions Evelyn For his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions Hatchett 43 1799 John Hellins Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico astronomo For his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy amp c printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798 and his other Mathematical Papers 44 1800 Edward Howard Inglaterra Inglaterra Militar For his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury 45 1801 Astley Paston Cooper Inglaterra Inglaterra Cirujano y anatomista For his Papers on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness 46 1802 William Hyde Wollaston Inglaterra Inglaterra Fisico y quimico For his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions 47 1803 Richard Chenevix Irlanda Quimico mineralogista For his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions 48 1804 Smithson Tennant Inglaterra Inglaterra quimico For his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions 49 1805 Humphry Davy Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico For his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions 50 1806 Thomas Andrew Knight Inglaterra Inglaterra Horticultor y botanico For his various Papers on Vegetation printed in the Philosophical Transactions 51 1807 Everard Home Inglaterra Inglaterra cirujano For his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology printed in the Philosophical Transactions 1808 William Henry Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico For his various papers communicated to the society and printed in the Philosophical Transactions 1809 Edward Troughton Inglaterra Inglaterra fabricante de instrumental For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions 52 1810 No entregada 1811 Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie Inglaterra Inglaterra Fisiologo y cirujano For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart and the generation of Animal Heat and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons 53 1812 No entregada 1813 William Thomas Brande Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico For his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions 1814 James Ivory Escocia Escocia Matematico For his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions 54 1815 David Brewster Escocia Escocia naturalista inventor y escritor For his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies 55 1816 No entregada 1817 Henry Kater Inglaterra Inglaterra Fisico For his Experiments on the Pendulum 56 1818 Robert Seppings Inglaterra Inglaterra Arquitecto naval For his Papers on the construction of Ships of War printed in the Philosophical Transactions 1819 No entregada 1820 Hans Christian Orsted Dinamarca Dinamarca fisico y quimico For his Electro magnetic Discoveries 57 1821 Edward SabineJohn Herschel IrlandaInglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo geofisico botanico ornitologo y explorador Matematico y astronomo For his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions Sabine For his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions Herschel 58 1822 William Buckland Inglaterra Inglaterra Naturalista geologo y paleontologo For his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale 59 1823 John Pond Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo For his various Communications to the Royal Society 1824 John Brinkley Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo For his various Communications to the Royal Society 60 1825 Francois AragoPeter Barlow FranciaInglaterra Inglaterra Matematico fisico y astronomoMatematico y fisico For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron For the Discovery of the power of various bodies principally metallic to receive magnetic impressions in the same though in a more evanescent manner than malleable Iron and in an infinitely less intense degree Arago For his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism Barlow 61 1826 James South Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo For his observations of Double Stars and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions published in the Transactions of the Society For his Paper of Observations of the Apparent Distances and Positions of Four Hundred and Fifty eight Double and Triple Stars published in the present volume 1826 Part 1 of the Transactions 62 1827 William ProutHenry Foster For his Paper entitled On the ultimate Composition of simple alimentary substances with some preliminary remarks on the analysis of organized bodies in general Prout For his magnetic and other observations made during the Arctic expedition to Port Bowen Foster 63 1828 No entregada 1829 No entregada 1830 No entregada 1831 George Biddell Airy Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo y matematico For his Papers On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye pieces of Telescopes On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye pieces of Telescopes and for other Papers on Optical Subjects in the Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 64 1832 Michael FaradaySimeon Poisson Fisico For his discovery of Magneto Electricity as detailed in his Experimental Researches in Electricity published in the Philosophical Transactions for the present year Faraday For his work entitled Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire Poisson 65 1833 No entregada 1834 Giovanni Antonio Amedeo For his work entitled Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune 66 1835 William Snow Harris Inglaterra Inglaterra Medico e investigador electrico For his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834 50 1836 Jons Jacob BerzeliusFrancis Kiernan For his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie and in other of his works Berzelius For his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833 Kiernan 1837 Antoine Cesar BecquerelJohn Frederic Daniell For his various memoirs on the subject of electricity published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur by the long continued action of electricity of very low tension and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires Becquerel For his two papers on voltaic combinations published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1836 Daniell 67 1838 Carl Friedrich GaussMichael Faraday For his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism Gauss For his researches in specific electrical induction Faraday 68 1839 Robert Brown For his discoveries during a series of years on the subject of vegetable impregnation 69 1840 Justus LiebigJacques Charles Francois Sturm For his discoveries in organic chemistry and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals Liebig For his Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835 Sturm 70 71 1841 Georg Ohm Alemania Alemania Fisico y matematico For his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet 72 1842 James MacCullagh Irlanda Matematico For his researches connected with the wave theory of light contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy 73 1843 Jean Baptiste Dumas Francia Quimico politico For his late valuable researches in organic chemistry particularly those contained in a series of memoirs on chemical types and the doctrine of substitution and also for his elaborate investigations of the atomic weights of carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and other elements 1844 Carlo Matteucci Italia Italia Fisico For his various researches in animal electricity 74 1845 Theodor Schwann Alemania Alemania Naturalista fisiologo y anatomista For his physiological researches on the development of animal amp vegetable textures published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u dem Wachsthun der Thiese u Pflanzen 1846 Urbain Le Verrier Francia Matematico For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet the Council considering such prediction confirmed as it was by the immediate discovery of the Planet to be one of the proudest triumphs of modern analysis applied to the Newtonian Theory of Gravitation 75 1847 John Herschel Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico y astronomo For his work entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834 1835 1836 1837 and 1838 at the Cape of Good Hope being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens commenced in 1825 58 1848 John Couch Adams Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico y astronomo For his investigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto 76 1849 Roderick Murchison Escocia Escocia Geologo paleontologo naturalista pteridologo algologo For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe and especially for the establishment of that classification of the older Palaeozoic deposits designated the Silurian System as set forth in the two works entitled The Silurian System founded on Geological Researches in England and The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains 1850 Peter Andreas Hansen Dinamarca Dinamarca Astronomo For his researches in physical astronomy 50 1851 Richard Owen Inglaterra Inglaterra biologo paleontologo y anatomista comparativo On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy amp palaeontology contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works 77 1852 Alexander von Humboldt Alemania Alemania Geografo astronomo humanista naturalista y explorador For his eminent services in terrestrial physics during a series of years 78 1853 Heinrich Wilhelm Dove Alemania Alemania Fisico climatologo y meteorologo For his work on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth 1854 Johannes Peter Muller Alemania Alemania Anatomista y fisiologo For his important contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin 79 1855 Leon Foucault Francia Fisico y astronomo For his various researches in experimental physics 50 1856 Henri Milne Edwards Francia Zoologo For his researches in comparative anatomy and zoology 1857 Michel Eugene Chevreul Francia Quimico For his researches in organic chemistry particularly on the composition of the fats and for his researches on the contrast of coulours 50 1858 Charles Lyell Escocia Escocia Geologo For his various researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology 50 1859 Wilhelm Eduard Weber For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches in electricity magnetism acoustics 80 1860 Robert Wilhelm Bunsen For his researches on cacodyls gaseous analysis the Voltaire phenomena of Iceland and other researches 50 1861 Louis Agassiz For his eminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse 50 1862 Thomas Graham For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851 for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854 and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion applied to analysis including a distinction of compounds into colloids amp crystalloids published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1861 81 1863 Adam Sedgwick For his original observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks and more especially for his determination of the characters of the Devonian System by observations of the order of superposition of the Killas rocks amp their fossils in Devonshire 82 1864 Charles Darwin For his important researches in geology zoology and botanical physiology 50 1865 Michel Chasles For his historical and original researches in pure geometry 83 1866 Julius Plucker For his researches in analytical geometry magnetism amp spectral analysis 84 1867 Karl Ernst von Baer For his discoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology 50 1868 Charles Wheatstone For his researches in acoustics optics electricity and magnetism 50 1869 Henri Victor Regnault For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaires au calcul des machines a feu including his elaborate investigations on the specific heat of gases and vapours and various papers on the elastic force of vapours 50 1870 James Prescott Joule For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat 50 1871 Julius Robert von Mayer For his researches on the mechanics of heat including essays on 1 The force of inorganic nature 2 Organic motion in connection with nutrition 3 Fever 4 Celestial dynamics 5 The mechanical equivalent of heat 50 1872 Friedrich Woehler For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry and more especially for his researches on the products of the decomposition of cyanogens by ammonia on the derivatives of uric acid on the benzoyl series on boron silicon amp their compounds and on meteoric stones 50 1873 Hermann Helmholtz For his researches in physics and physiology 85 1874 Louis Pasteur For his researches on fermentation and on pelerine 50 1875 August Wilhelm Hofmann For his numerous contributions to the science of chemistry and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia 86 1876 Claude Bernard For his numerous contributions to the science of physiology 50 1877 James Dwight Dana For his biological geological and mineralogical investigations carried on through half a century and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published 50 1878 Jean Baptiste Boussingault For his long continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry 87 1879 Rudolf Clausius For his well known researches upon heat 88 1880 James Joseph Sylvester For his long continued investigations amp discoveries in mathematics 89 1881 Karl Adolph Wurtz For his discovery of the organic ammonias the glycols and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry 1882 Arthur Cayley For his numerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics 90 1883 William Thomson Lord Kelvin For 1 his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy 2 his researches and eminent services in physics both experimental amp mathematical especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics 91 1884 Carl Ludwig For his investigations in physiology and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science 1885 Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz For his researches in organic chemistry 50 1886 Franz Ernst Neumann For his researches in theoretical optics and electro dynamics 92 1887 Joseph Dalton Hooker For his services to botanical science as an investigator author and traveller 50 1888 Thomas Henry Huxley For his investigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and for his services to biological science in general during many past years 50 1889 George Salmon For his various papers on subjects of pure mathematics and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author 93 1890 Simon Newcomb Canada Canada estadounidense Astronomo y matematico estadounidense de origen canadiense For his contributions to the progress of gravitational astronomy 94 1891 Stanislao Cannizzaro Italia Italia Quimico For his contributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory 50 1892 Rudolf Virchow Alemania Alemania Medico patologo antropologo politico y biologo For his investigations in pathology pathological anatomy and prehistoric archaeology 50 1893 George Gabriel Stokes Irlanda Matematico y fisico For his researches and discoveries in physical science 95 1894 Edward Frankland Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico For his eminent services to theoretical amp applied chemistry 96 1895 Karl Weierstrass Alemania Alemania Matematico For his investigations in pure mathematics 97 1896 Karl Gegenbaur Alemania Alemania Anatomista For his life long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom etc etc 1897 Rudolph Albert von Kolliker Suiza Suiza Anatomista embriologo fisiologo zoologo y botanico In recognition of his important work in embryology comparative anatomy and physiology and especially for his eminence as a histologist 1898 William Huggins Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo For his researches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies 50 1899 John William Strutt 3rd Baron Rayleigh Premio Nobel de Fisica de 1904 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico In recognition of his contributions to physical science 98 1900 Marcellin Berthelot Francia Quimico e historiador For his brilliant services to chemical science 50 1901 Willard Gibbs Estados Unidos fisico For his contributions to mathematical physics 99 1902 Joseph Lister 1st Baron Lister Inglaterra Inglaterra Cirujano In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery 100 1903 Eduard Suess Austria Austria geologo For his eminent geological services amp especially for the original researches amp conclusions published in his great work Das Antlitz der Erde 100 1904 William Crookes Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico For his long continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry on electrical amp mechanical phenomena in highly rarefied gases on radio active phenomena and other subjects 100 1905 Dmitri Mendeleev Rusia Rusia Quimico For his contributions to chemical and physical science 100 1906 Elias Metchnikoff Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina en 1908 Ucrania Ucrania y ruso y frances Microbiologo On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology 100 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson Premio Nobel de Fisica en 1907 Estados Unidos Fisico On the ground of his investigations in optics 100 1908 Alfred Russel Wallace Gales Gales naturalista explorador geografo antropologo y biologo On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection 100 1909 George William Hill Estados Unidos Astronomo y matematico On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy 100 1910 Francis Galton Inglaterra Inglaterra polimata antropologo geografo explorador inventor meteorologo estadistico psicologo y eugenista On the ground of his researches in heredity 100 1911 George Howard Darwin Inglaterra Inglaterra Astronomo On the ground of his researches on tidal theory the figures of the planets and allied subjects 100 1912 Felix Klein Alemania Alemania Matematico On the ground of his researches in mathematics 101 1913 Ray Lankester Inglaterra Inglaterra naturalista zoologo y algologo On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him 102 1914 Joseph John Thomson Premio Nobel de Fisica en 1906 Inglaterra Inglaterra cientifico On the ground of his discoveries in physical science 100 1915 Ivan Pavlov Rusia Rusia fisiologo On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system 100 1916 James Dewar Escocia Escocia fisico y quimico For his important investigations in physical chemistry more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases 100 1917 Pierre Paul Emile Roux Francia Medico bacteriologo e inmunologo On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist and as a pioneer in serum therapy 103 1918 Hendrik Lorentz Premio Nobel de Fisica de 1902 Paises Bajos Paises Bajos fisico On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics 100 1919 William Bayliss Inglaterra Inglaterra fisiologo On the ground of his researches in general physiology amp biophysics 100 1920 Horace Brown Reino Unido Reino Unido Quimico On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates amp c 104 1921 Joseph Larmor Irlanda del Norte Irlanda del Norte fisico y matematico For his researches in mathematical physics 105 1922 Ernest Rutherford Premio Nobel de Quimica en 1908 Nueva Zelanda Nueva Zelanda fisico For his researches in radio activity amp atomic structure 100 1923 Horace Lamb Matematico aplicado For his researches in mathematical physics 106 1924 Edward Albert Sharpey Schafer Inglaterra Inglaterra fisiologo For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences 1925 Albert Einstein Premio Nobel de Fisica 1921 Alemania Alemania luego suizo austriaco y estadounidense fisico For his theory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory 100 1926 Frederick Hopkins Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina en 1929 Inglaterra Inglaterra bioquimico For his distinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry 107 1927 Charles Sherrington premio Nobel de Medicina de 1932 Inglaterra Inglaterra Neurofisiologo For his distinguished work on neurology 108 1928 Charles Algernon Parsons Inglaterra Inglaterra ingeniero e inventor For his contributions to engineering science 1929 Max Planck Premio Nobel de Fisica en 1918 Alemania Alemania fisico y matematico For his contributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory 109 1930 William Bragg Premio Nobel de Fisica de 1915 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico For his distinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity 110 1931 Arthur Schuster Alemania Alemania britanico fisico For his distinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism 111 1932 George Ellery Hale Estados Unidos Astronomo solar For his distinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory 112 1933 Theobald Smith Estados Unidos epidemiologo y patologo For his original research and observation on diseases of animals and man 113 1934 John Scott Haldane Escocia Escocia filosofo y biologo In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine mining diving and engineering 114 1935 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Premio Nobel de Fisica en 1927 Escocia Escocia fisico For his work on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties 115 1936 Arthur Evans Inglaterra Inglaterra Arqueologo In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age 116 1937 Henry Dale Premio Nobel de Medicina en 1936 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisiologo In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro muscular systems 117 1938 Niels Bohr Premio Nobel de Fisica en 1922 Dinamarca Dinamarca fisico In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure 118 1939 Thomas Hunt Morgan Premio Nobel de Fisiologia y Medicina en 1933 Estados Unidos genetista For his establishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding not only of heredity but of the mechanism and nature of evolution 119 1940 Paul Langevin Francia fisico For his pioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics 120 1941 Thomas Lewis Gales Gales Cardiologo For his clinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart 121 1942 Robert Robinson Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1947 Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico For his research work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry 122 1943 Joseph Barcroft Irlanda del Norte Irlanda del Norte fisiologo For his distinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood 123 1946 Geoffrey Taylor Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico y matematico For his many contributions to aerodynamics hydrodynamics and the structure of metals which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications 124 1945 Oswald Theodore Avery Canada Canada Medico y biologo molecular For his success in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases 125 1946 Edgar Douglas Adrian Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1932 Inglaterra Inglaterra Fisiologo For his distinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions 126 1947 G H Hardy Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico For his distinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years 127 1948 Archibald Vivian Hill Premio Nobel de Medicina de 1922 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisiologo y matematico For his distinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues 128 1949 George Charles De Hevesy Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1943 Suecia Suecia Quimico fisico For his distinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes 129 1950 James Chadwick Premio Nobel de fisica de 1935 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico For his outstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy especially for his discovery of the neutron 130 1951 David Keilin Rusia Rusia britanico naturalista bioquimico entomologo For his fundamental researches in the fields of protozoology entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes 131 1952 Paul Dirac Premio Nobel de fisica de 1933 Inglaterra Inglaterra ingeniero electrico matematico y fisico teorico In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics 132 1953 Albert Kluyver Nueva Zelanda Nueva Zelanda Microbiologo micologo y bioquimico For his distinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology 1954 Edmund Whittaker Escocia Escocia Matematico For his distinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics 133 1955 Ronald Fisher Inglaterra Inglaterra estadistico y biologo In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology 134 1956 Patrick Blackett Premio Nobel de Fisica en 1948 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico experimental In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism 1957 Howard Florey Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina de 1945 Australia farmacologo In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine 135 1958 John Edensor Littlewood Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis including Tauberian theory the Riemann zeta function and nonlinear differential equations 136 1959 Macfarlane Burnet Premio Nobel de Medicina en 1960 Australia biologo In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology 137 1960 Harold Jeffreys Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico estadististico geofisico y astronomo In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics and also in the theory of probability and astronomy 138 1961 Hans Adolf Krebs Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina en 1953 Alemania Alemania bioquimico In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry in particular his work on the ornithine tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles 139 1962 Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Premio Nobel de Quimica en 1956 Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics including the study of biological reaction mechanisms and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy 140 1963 Paul Fildes Inglaterra Inglaterra patologo y microbiologo In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology 1964 Sydney Chapman Inglaterra Inglaterra estadounidense Matematico y geofisico In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism the ionosphere and the aurora borealis 141 1965 Alan Hodgkin Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina de 1963 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisiologo y biofisico In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology 1966 William Lawrence Bragg Premio Nobel de Fisica de 1915 Australia fisico In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by Xray diffraction 100 1967 Bernard Katz Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina en 1970 Alemania AlemaniaReino Unido Reino Unido biofisico In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction 1968 Tadeus Reichstein Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina en 1950 Polonia Polonia Bioquimico In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the corticosteroids 1969 Peter Medawar Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina de 1960 Reino Unido Reino Unido zoologo medico inmunologo divulgador cientifico y filosofo In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance 100 1970 Alexander Todd Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1957 Escocia Escocia Quimico In recognition of his outstanding contributions to both the analytical and synthetic chemistry of natural products of diverse types 100 1971 Norman Pirie Inglaterra Inglaterra Bioquimico y virologo In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses 1972 Nevill Mott Premio Nobel de Fisica del ano 1977 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics 100 1973 Andrew Huxley Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina de 1963 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisiologo y biofisico In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction 1974 W V D Hodge Escocia Escocia Matematico y geometra In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry notably in his theory of harmonic integrals 142 1975 Francis Crick Premio Nobel de fisiologia y medicina de 1962 Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico biologo molecular y neurocientifico In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology 100 1976 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Premio Nobel de Quimica en 1964 Reino Unido Reino Unido Quimica In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules particularly Penicillin vitamin B and insulin 12 100 1977 Frederick Sanger Premio Nobel de Quimica 1958 y 1980 Inglaterra Inglaterra Bioquimico In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids 100 1978 Robert B Woodward Premio Nobel de Quimica del ano 1965 Estados Unidos Quimico In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry 100 1979 Max Perutz Premio Nobel de Quimica del ano 1962 Austria Austria Quimica In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject 100 1980 Derek Harold Richard Barton Premio Nobel de Quimica del ano 1969 Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico In recognition of his distinguished contributions to a wide range of problems in structural and synthetic organic chemistry and in particular his introduction of conformational analysis into stereochemistry 100 1981 Peter Dennis Mitchell Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1978 Inglaterra Inglaterra Bioquimico In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction 100 1982 John Cornforth Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1975 Australia britanico Quimico In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemicallycontrolled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules 143 1983 Rodney Porter Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina de 1972 Inglaterra Inglaterra Bioquimico In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins 1984 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Premio Nobel de Fisica de 1983 India estadounidense Fisico teorico astrofisico y matematico In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics including stellar structure theory of radiation hydrodynamic stability and relativity 144 1985 Aaron Klug Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1982 Lituania Lituania britanico quimico y bioquimico In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them 1986 Rudolph Peierls Alemania Alemania britanico fisico In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials 1987 Robert Hill Inglaterra Inglaterra bioquimico In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis 1988 Michael Francis Atiyah Inglaterra Inglaterra Matematico In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry topology analysis and theoretical physics 145 1989 Cesar Milstein Premio Nobel en Medicina en 1984 Argentina Quimico In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response 1990 Abdus Salam Premio Nobel de Fisica en 1979 Pakistan Pakistan fisico teorico In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces 146 1991 Sydney Brenner Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina de 2002 Sudan Biologo In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project 1992 George Porter Premio Nobel de Quimica del ano 1967 Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology 147 1993 James D Watson Premio Nobel en Fisiologia o Medicina de 1962 Estados Unidos Biologo In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome 148 1994 Charles Frank Reino Unido Reino Unido fisico teorico In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology in particular to the source of dislocations and their consequences in interfaces and crystal growth to fundamental understanding of liquid crystals and the concept of disclination and to the extension of crystallinity concepts to aperiodic crystals He has also contributed through a variety of remarkable insights into a great number of physical problems 1995 Frank Fenner Australia Medico In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease 1996 Alan Cottrell Inglaterra Inglaterra Metalurgico y fisico In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity dislocation impurity interactions fracture and irradiation effects 149 1997 Hugh Huxley Inglaterra Inglaterra Biologo In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology 1998 James Lighthill Reino Unido Reino Unido Matematico In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design He is noted also for his groundbreaking work on both external biofluiddynamics analysis of mechanisms of swimming and flying and internal biofluiddynamics including flow in the cardiovascular system and the airways and cochlear mechanics and other aspects of hearing 150 1999 John Maynard Smith Inglaterra Inglaterra genetista e investigador en biologia evolutiva In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology including his experimental work on sexual selection his important contributions to our understanding of ageing his introduction of game theoretical methods for the analysis of complex evolutionary scenarios and his research into molecular evolution both through his classic work on genetic hitchhiking and with his more recent ongoing work on bacterial population growth 151 2000 Alan Battersby Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico organico In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids His approach which stands as a paradigm for future biosynthetic studies on complex molecules combines isolation work structure determination synthesis isotopic labelling and spectroscopy especially advanced NMR as well as genetics and molecular biology This spectacular research revealed the entire pathway to vitamin B 12 2001 Jacques Miller Franciaaustraliano Medico e investigador For his work on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells which has revolutionised the science of immunology Professor Millers work is paving the way for designing new methods to improve resistance to infections producing new vaccines enhancing graft survival dealing with autoimmunity and even persuading the immune system to reject cancer cells 2002 John Pople Premio Nobel de Quimica en 1998 Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico y matematico For his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry chemical physics and biology 152 2003 John Gurdon Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina en 2012 Inglaterra Inglaterra biologo For his unique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology He pioneered the concept that specialised cells are genetically equivalent and that they differ only in the genes they express not the genes they contain a concept fundamental to modern biology 2004 Harold Kroto Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1996 Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico in recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules leading to the detection of these species polyynes in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy and thence to the genesis of a new era in carbon science 153 2005 Paul Nurse Premio Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina de 2001 Inglaterra Inglaterra bioquimico for his contributions to cell biology in general and to the elucidation of the control of cell division 2006 Stephen Hawking Inglaterra Inglaterra fisico teorico astrofisico cosmologo y divulgador cientifico For his outstanding contribution to theoretical physics and theoretical cosmology 30 2007 Robert May for his seminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance 2008 Roger Penrose Inglaterra Inglaterra Fisico y matematico for his beautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang 2009 Martin Evans Premio Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia en 2007 Inglaterra Inglaterra Genetista y bioquimico for his seminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice which revolutionised the field of genetics 2010 Nota 1 David CoxTomas Lindahl Premio Nobel de Quimica en 2015 Inglaterra InglaterraSuecia Suecia Estadistico Medico y biologo for his seminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics for his seminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair 2011 Dan McKenzie Inglaterra Inglaterra Geologo For his seminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates 2012 John E Walker Premio Nobel de Quimica de 1997 Inglaterra Inglaterra Quimico For his groundbreaking work on bioenergetics discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion 155 2013 Andre Geim Premio Nobel de Fisica de 2010 Paises Bajos Paises Bajos Fisico For his numerous scientific contributions and in particular for initiating research on two dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures 2014 Alec Jeffreys Inglaterra Inglaterra genetista For his pioneering work on variation and mutation in the human genome 156 2015 Peter Higgs a, wikipedia, wiki, leyendo, leer, libro, biblioteca, español, española, descargar, gratis, descargar gratis, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, imagen, música, canción, película, libro, juego, juegos |