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Politiques

Politiques ("políticos", en lengua francesa) fue la denominación que se dio durante las guerras de religión en Francia (a partir de 1568) a un grupo de intelectuales (muchos de ellos juristas), procedentes de la facción moderada de ambos bandos (hugonotes -protestantes- y católicos) que coincidían en la necesidad de restaurar la unidad política mediante una fuerte monarquía y el reconocimiento de algún tipo de tolerancia religiosa. Desde 1588 eran vistos como un grupo organizado, y presentados por sus adversarios (especialmente la Liga Católica) como herejes. Desde ese punto de vista, el término se utilizaba como peyorativo, identificándolo con el indiferentismo religioso y la ambigüedad moral.

Abjuración de Enrique IV.
Entrada de Enrique IV en París.

Inicialmente eran presentados de forma conjunta con el grupo de los malcontents (los nobles que se oponían a la influencia de los Guisa y su relación con la Monarquía Hispánica de Felipe II).[1]

En su búsqueda de fundamentos firmes para la paz y seguridad en Francia, los politiques defendían la separación de los ámbitos religioso y lo político, así como la supremacía de la soberanía del rey sobre cualquier otra potestad interna o externa (particularismos locales y estamentales o poderes universales). Cierta relación guardan estos principios con la evolución posterior de la monarquía francesa hacia el absolutismo y la interpretación galicana de las relaciones Iglesia-Estado, que culminó a finales del siglo XVII con Luis XIV; aunque mucho más se identifican con el reinado de Enrique IV, el candidato protestante al trono que optó por convertirse al catolicismo para lograr el consenso más amplio (París bien vale una misa),[2]​ y promulgó el Edicto de Nantes que garantizaba a los hugonotes la libertad de culto en determinados lugares (1598, revocado precisamente por su nieto Luis XIV con el Edicto de Fontainebleau, 1685).[3]

Véase también

[15]

Notas

    • Francis de Crue, Le Parti des Politiques au lendemain de la Saint-Barthélemy. La Molle et Coconat, Paris, Librairie Plon, 1892, 368 p.
    • Arlette Jouanna :
      • « Un programme politique nobiliaire : les Mécontents et l'État (1574-1576) », in Philippe Contamine (éd.), , Paris, Presses de l’ENS, 1989, pp. 247-278.
      • Le devoir de révolte. La noblesse française et la gestation de l'État moderne, 1559-1661, Paris, Fayard, 1989.
      • entrée Malcontents, in Arlette Jouanna, Jacqueline Boucher, Dominique Biloghi et Guy Le Thiec, Histoire et dictionnaire des guerres de Religion, Paris, Robert Laffont, collection « Bouquins », 1998, pp. 1068-1069.
    Fuentes citadas en fr:Malcontents (France).
  1. . Archivado desde el original el 19 de enero de 2012. 
  2. Murray N. Rothbard Radicalismo religioso y moderación absolutista en la Francia del siglo XVI el 23 de enero de 2012 en Wayback Machine.
  3. Biancamaria Fontana, Montaigne's Politics: Authority and Governance in the Essais
  4. William Farr Church, Constitutional thought in sixteenth-century France: a study in the evolution of ideas, pgs. 114 y 174.
  5. Bodino ha sido objeto de mil interpretaciones, a lo que ha contribuido haberse anticipado a su tiempo en la defensa atrevida de la tolerancia religiosa. (...) lejos de las posiciones disolventes de los monarcómacos, que proclamaban el derecho de resistencia, y de los maquiavelistas, que libraban a las actuaciones del poder de los límites racionales de la moralidad. (...) La soberanía necesitaba de la tolerancia religiosa para hacerse aceptable para todos los franceses, extenuados por las guerras de religión; la tolerancia necesitaba de la soberanía para hacerse respetar (...) Por esta razón (...) fue uno de los portavoces del denominado partido de los politiques, que entre católicos y hugonotes, entre los Guisa y los Borbones, intentaban la vía intermedia para llevar la paz definitiva a Francia.

    Historia Tematica de Los Derechos Humanos, pg. 98.

    • Voz "Jean Bodin" en Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
    Bodin never said that he was a “politique.” Briefly addressing the heart of the matter, historians have sought to make Bodin a convinced partisan of religious tolerance. During Bodin's lifetime however, religious tolerance, defined as civil tolerance and a legal admission of confessional diversity within a country or city, was not the ideal it would later become after the eighteenth century. In the sixteenth century, it was men like Sébastian Castellion who extolled the co-existence of many religions, with which the reformed camp disagreed. The struggle of the Huguenots from the beginning of the civil wars, was to convert the king and realm to the true religion. Tolerance was not an ideal since one cannot tolerate what one cannot possibly accept. For example how could one allow Christ to coexist with Belial, or a false religion to coexist with the one and only true religion? No further proof of this conviction is needed than the fierce struggle both Calvin and Beza waged against Castellion. This example causes one to ask the question: if Castellion supported freedom of religion, why did the leaders of the Reformation, who professed the same desire, denounce him so fervently? Because, in the reality, the French Reformers did not want freedom of religion which could have “opened the door to all manner of sects and heresies,” as Calvin said. At the beginning of the wars of religion, they wanted to obtain the recognition of the reformed religion as the sole religion in the realm. Yet, after thirty-six years of war, and after the conversion of Henry of Navarre, they understood that their project was too ambitious and had to be limited. Only through true religious tolerance could they convert the remainder of the kingdom at a later time. The unity of faith, and Calvinist religious concord were the ideal of Reformers too. Concerning the “politiques,” we only have descriptions of them from their adversaries who considered them atheists and heathens. For instance they were accused of having no religion because they were inclined to admit the definitive coexistence of different forms of worship in the interest of civil peace. Nevertheless, why have modern historians, placed men, who they considered the “most liberal and sympathetic,” such as Bodin, Etienne Pasquier, Duplessis-Mornay, Pierre de Beloy and many others in the party of the “politiques.” These historians have projected their modern ideals of tolerance, religious freedom, pluralism, and diversity on to the period of the Wars of Religion. Thus these scholars believed they had done a great service to the men of the past by presenting them as forerunners of the later values. But, as we have seen, Bodin viewed confessional concord as the means capable of returning religious, civil and political unity to the kingdom. It should be recalled however that the problem was not that of “liberty of conscience,” which the French government had already guaranteed by edicts in 1563, but the liberty to worship. The freedom to worship is also at the heart of the question of tolerance. When Bodin and many of his contemporaries thought about tolerance, it was only as provisional tolerance with the hope of achieving civil peace and religious reunification in the future. For Bodin, concord was essential since it formed the foundation of sovereignty and was necessary for the full exercise of power.

    (...)

    The Maréchaux of France, the main officers of the crown, the second estate of the nobility all of the Huguenots, “politiques” and atheists and nearly all of the princes of the blood belonged to the party of the King of Navarre. Thus, In Bodin's view, the “politiques and atheists” were linked to the reformed, which he considered the enemy.
  6. fr:René Benoît
  7. Antonio Rivera, .
    • Joachim Ambert, Duplessis Mornay, au, Études historique et politiques sur la situation de la France de 1549 à 1623. Genève : Slatkine reprints, 1970
    • Hugues Daussy, Les huguenots et le roi : le combat politique de Philippe Duplessis-Mornay, 1572-1600. Genève: Librairie Droz, 2002
    • J. A. Lalot, Essai historique sur la conférence tenue à Fontainebleau entre Duplessis-Mornay et Duperron le 4 mai 1600. Genève: Slatkine reprints, 1969
    Fuentes citadas en fr:Philippe Duplessis-Mornay.
  8. Frédéric J. Baumgartner, Radical reactionaries: the political thought of the French Catholic League, pg. 252.
    • John William Allen Pierre de Belloy and the divine right en A history of political thought in the sixteenth century, pg. 383.
    • Benjamin J. Kaplan, Divided by faith: religious conflict and the practice of toleration..., pg. 142.
  9. Dictionnaire Bouillet. Fuente citada en fr:Philippe Hurault de Cheverny.
  10. Encyclopædia Britannica. Fuente citada en en:Michel de L'Hopital.
    • A. H. Becker, Un humaniste au XVIè siècle: Loys Le Roy, Paris 1896
    • Enzo Sciacca, Umanesimo e scienza politica nella Francia del XVI secolo. Loys Le Roy, Olschki, Firenze 2007
    Fuentes citadas en it:Louis Le Roy
  11. The tendency to remain neutral in religious questions and to subordinate religion to reasons of state, the recourse to a strong state which would be the guarantor of the security of commerce and exchange, corresponds to the conditions of existence of the parvenue bourgeoisie and its alliance with absolute monarchie.
    Max Horkheimer, Montaigne et la fonction du scepticisme, citado por Timothy J. Reiss, The meaning of literature, pg. 54.

Enlaces externos

  •   Datos: Q3366363

politiques, políticos, lengua, francesa, denominación, durante, guerras, religión, francia, partir, 1568, grupo, intelectuales, muchos, ellos, juristas, procedentes, facción, moderada, ambos, bandos, hugonotes, protestantes, católicos, coincidían, necesidad, r. Politiques politicos en lengua francesa fue la denominacion que se dio durante las guerras de religion en Francia a partir de 1568 a un grupo de intelectuales muchos de ellos juristas procedentes de la faccion moderada de ambos bandos hugonotes protestantes y catolicos que coincidian en la necesidad de restaurar la unidad politica mediante una fuerte monarquia y el reconocimiento de algun tipo de tolerancia religiosa Desde 1588 eran vistos como un grupo organizado y presentados por sus adversarios especialmente la Liga Catolica como herejes Desde ese punto de vista el termino se utilizaba como peyorativo identificandolo con el indiferentismo religioso y la ambiguedad moral Abjuracion de Enrique IV Entrada de Enrique IV en Paris Inicialmente eran presentados de forma conjunta con el grupo de los malcontents los nobles que se oponian a la influencia de los Guisa y su relacion con la Monarquia Hispanica de Felipe II 1 En su busqueda de fundamentos firmes para la paz y seguridad en Francia los politiques defendian la separacion de los ambitos religioso y lo politico asi como la supremacia de la soberania del rey sobre cualquier otra potestad interna o externa particularismos locales y estamentales o poderes universales Cierta relacion guardan estos principios con la evolucion posterior de la monarquia francesa hacia el absolutismo y la interpretacion galicana de las relaciones Iglesia Estado que culmino a finales del siglo XVII con Luis XIV aunque mucho mas se identifican con el reinado de Enrique IV el candidato protestante al trono que opto por convertirse al catolicismo para lograr el consenso mas amplio Paris bien vale una misa 2 y promulgo el Edicto de Nantes que garantizaba a los hugonotes la libertad de culto en determinados lugares 1598 revocado precisamente por su nieto Luis XIV con el Edicto de Fontainebleau 1685 3 Vease tambien EditarMaquiavelo maquiavelismo y razon de Estado Monarcomacos en Monarchomachs Libertad religiosa libertad de cultos y libertad de conciencia Michel de Montaigne Essais hasta 1592 4 Pierre de L Estoile Diarios y Drolleries Francois de Gravelle o Francois Gravelle Politiques royales du Francois de Gravelle dediees au tr Ch Roy de Fr Henry IV 1596 5 Jean Bodin Les six livres de la Republique 1576 edicion latina de 1586 Heptaplomeres inedita hasta 1914 6 Renato Benoit o Rene Benoit confesor de Maria Estuardo y traductor de la Biblia fue elegido por Enrique IV para preparar su conversion al catolicismo 7 Maximilien de Bethune duque de Sully Memoires des sages et royales Œconomies d Estat domestiques politiques et militaires de Henri le Grand 1638 8 Etienne Pasquier Philippe Duplessis Mornay o Philippe de Mornay 9 Matteo Zampini Matthieu Zampini o Mateo Zampini jurista italiano que llego a consejero de Enrique III y paso al partido del Cardenal de Borbon De la sucession du droict et prerogative du premiere prince de sang de France 1588 10 Pierre de Beloy o Pierre de Belloy Apologie catholique contre les libelles declarations advis et consultations faictes escrites et publiees par les liguez perturbateurs du repos du royaume de France 1585 De l autorite du roi 1587 Conference des edicts de pacification des troubles esmeus au royaume de France pour le faict de la religion 1600 11 Philippe Hurault de Cheverny 12 Michel de L Hopital 13 Louis Le Roy 14 15 Bodino Montaigne Pasquier Sully L Hopital Hurault Notas Editar Francis de Crue Le Parti des Politiques au lendemain de la Saint Barthelemy La Molle et Coconat Paris Librairie Plon 1892 368 p Arlette Jouanna Un programme politique nobiliaire les Mecontents et l Etat 1574 1576 in Philippe Contamine ed L Etat et les aristocraties France Angleterre Ecosse XIIe XVIIe siecle Paris Presses de l ENS 1989 pp 247 278 Le devoir de revolte La noblesse francaise et la gestation de l Etat moderne 1559 1661 Paris Fayard 1989 entree Malcontents in Arlette Jouanna Jacqueline Boucher Dominique Biloghi et Guy Le Thiec Histoire et dictionnaire des guerres de Religion Paris Robert Laffont collection Bouquins 1998 pp 1068 1069 Fuentes citadas en fr Malcontents France 1593 1594 Paris vaut bien une messe Musee national du chateau de Pau Archivado desde el original el 19 de enero de 2012 Murray N Rothbard Radicalismo religioso y moderacion absolutista en la Francia del siglo XVI Archivado el 23 de enero de 2012 en Wayback Machine Biancamaria Fontana Montaigne s Politics Authority and Governance in the Essais William Farr Church Constitutional thought in sixteenth century France a study in the evolution of ideas pgs 114 y 174 Bodino ha sido objeto de mil interpretaciones a lo que ha contribuido haberse anticipado a su tiempo en la defensa atrevida de la tolerancia religiosa lejos de las posiciones disolventes de los monarcomacos que proclamaban el derecho de resistencia y de los maquiavelistas que libraban a las actuaciones del poder de los limites racionales de la moralidad La soberania necesitaba de la tolerancia religiosa para hacerse aceptable para todos los franceses extenuados por las guerras de religion la tolerancia necesitaba de la soberania para hacerse respetar Por esta razon fue uno de los portavoces del denominado partido de los politiques que entre catolicos y hugonotes entre los Guisa y los Borbones intentaban la via intermedia para llevar la paz definitiva a Francia Historia Tematica de Los Derechos Humanos pg 98 Voz Jean Bodin en Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Bodin never said that he was a politique Briefly addressing the heart of the matter historians have sought to make Bodin a convinced partisan of religious tolerance During Bodin s lifetime however religious tolerance defined as civil tolerance and a legal admission of confessional diversity within a country or city was not the ideal it would later become after the eighteenth century In the sixteenth century it was men like Sebastian Castellion who extolled the co existence of many religions with which the reformed camp disagreed The struggle of the Huguenots from the beginning of the civil wars was to convert the king and realm to the true religion Tolerance was not an ideal since one cannot tolerate what one cannot possibly accept For example how could one allow Christ to coexist with Belial or a false religion to coexist with the one and only true religion No further proof of this conviction is needed than the fierce struggle both Calvin and Beza waged against Castellion This example causes one to ask the question if Castellion supported freedom of religion why did the leaders of the Reformation who professed the same desire denounce him so fervently Because in the reality the French Reformers did not want freedom of religion which could have opened the door to all manner of sects and heresies as Calvin said At the beginning of the wars of religion they wanted to obtain the recognition of the reformed religion as the sole religion in the realm Yet after thirty six years of war and after the conversion of Henry of Navarre they understood that their project was too ambitious and had to be limited Only through true religious tolerance could they convert the remainder of the kingdom at a later time The unity of faith and Calvinist religious concord were the ideal of Reformers too Concerning the politiques we only have descriptions of them from their adversaries who considered them atheists and heathens For instance they were accused of having no religion because they were inclined to admit the definitive coexistence of different forms of worship in the interest of civil peace Nevertheless why have modern historians placed men who they considered the most liberal and sympathetic such as Bodin Etienne Pasquier Duplessis Mornay Pierre de Beloy and many others in the party of the politiques These historians have projected their modern ideals of tolerance religious freedom pluralism and diversity on to the period of the Wars of Religion Thus these scholars believed they had done a great service to the men of the past by presenting them as forerunners of the later values But as we have seen Bodin viewed confessional concord as the means capable of returning religious civil and political unity to the kingdom It should be recalled however that the problem was not that of liberty of conscience which the French government had already guaranteed by edicts in 1563 but the liberty to worship The freedom to worship is also at the heart of the question of tolerance When Bodin and many of his contemporaries thought about tolerance it was only as provisional tolerance with the hope of achieving civil peace and religious reunification in the future For Bodin concord was essential since it formed the foundation of sovereignty and was necessary for the full exercise of power The Marechaux of France the main officers of the crown the second estate of the nobility all of the Huguenots politiques and atheists and nearly all of the princes of the blood belonged to the party of the King of Navarre Thus In Bodin s view the politiques and atheists were linked to the reformed which he considered the enemy fr Rene Benoit Antonio Rivera El legendario Gran Proyecto de Enrique IV y Sully Joachim Ambert Duplessis Mornay au Etudes historique et politiques sur la situation de la France de 1549 a 1623 Geneve Slatkine reprints 1970 Hugues Daussy Les huguenots et le roi le combat politique de Philippe Duplessis Mornay 1572 1600 Geneve Librairie Droz 2002 J A Lalot Essai historique sur la conference tenue a Fontainebleau entre Duplessis Mornay et Duperron le 4 mai 1600 Geneve Slatkine reprints 1969 Fuentes citadas en fr Philippe Duplessis Mornay Frederic J Baumgartner Radical reactionaries the political thought of the French Catholic League pg 252 John William Allen Pierre de Belloy and the divine right en A history of political thought in the sixteenth century pg 383 Benjamin J Kaplan Divided by faith religious conflict and the practice of toleration pg 142 Dictionnaire Bouillet Fuente citada en fr Philippe Hurault de Cheverny Encyclopaedia Britannica Fuente citada en en Michel de L Hopital A H Becker Un humaniste au XVIe siecle Loys Le Roy Paris 1896 Enzo Sciacca Umanesimo e scienza politica nella Francia del XVI secolo Loys Le Roy Olschki Firenze 2007 Fuentes citadas en it Louis Le Roy The tendency to remain neutral in religious questions and to subordinate religion to reasons of state the recourse to a strong state which would be the guarantor of the security of commerce and exchange corresponds to the conditions of existence of the parvenue bourgeoisie and its alliance with absolute monarchie Max Horkheimer Montaigne et la fonction du scepticisme citado por Timothy J Reiss The meaning of literature pg 54 Enlaces externos EditarFrench Political Pamphlets Collection at the L Tom Perry Special Collections Harold B Lee Library Brigham Young University Politiques ou malcontents en Dictionnaire de l Histoire de France Larrouse http dep histoire art univ pau fr live digitalAssets 88 88278 Hist Moderne Bidouze pdf enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive vease el historial la primera version y la ultima Les affrontements religieux en France du debut du XVIe siecle au milieu du XVIIe siecle Datos Q3366363Obtenido de https es wikipedia org w index php title Politiques amp oldid 117702685, wikipedia, wiki, leyendo, leer, libro, biblioteca,

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