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Panteísmo naturalista

El panteísmo naturalista, también conocido como panteísmo científico, es una forma de panteísmo. Ha sido usado de diversas maneras para relacionar a dios o la divinidad con cosas concretas,[1]determinismo,[2]​ o el universo.[3]​ Desde esta perspectiva, dios es visto como derivado de la unificación de todos los fenómenos naturales.[4]

Dicha frase a veces es asociada a la filosofía de Baruch Spinoza,[5]​ aunque no hay consenso en la forma en que se debe usar.

Componentes de la definición

El término “panteísmo" es derivado de las palabras griegas pan (Greek: πᾶν) que significa "todo" y theos (θεός) que significa dios. Fue acuñado por el Joseph Raphson en su trabajo De spatio reali, publicado en 1697.[6]

El término "naturalista" adscribe al "Naturalismo", que pese a diversos significados y usos en filosofía y en estética,[7]​ en el primer caso (filosofía) el término generalmente denota la postura de que todo pertenece al orden de lo natural y puede ser comprendido con la metodología apropiada para estudiarlo, es decir, las ciencias.[8]​ Lo anterior también implica una ausencia de creencia en cualquier ser o fenómeno sobrenatural.[7]

Concepciones antiguas

El académico británico en filosofía y ciencia china Joseph Needham identificó al taoísmo como un «panteísmo naturalista que enfatiza la unidad y espontaneidad de las operaciones de la naturaleza[9]​ Esta filosofía puede datada en la parte tardía del siglo IV antes de la era común.[10]

La escuela de filosófica griega del estoicismo (que apareció en el siglo III tardío antes de la era común)[11]​ rechazó el dualismo mente-cuerpo (es decir, la idea de que la mente o consciencia era independiente de lo material) e identificó la sustancia de dios con el cosmos entero.[3]​ No obstante, no todos los filósofos que siguieron estas líneas de pensamiento pueden ser clasificados como adscritos al panteísmo naturalista.[12]

Concepciones modernas

En la época moderna, el panteísmo naturalista fue adscrito por varios pensadores,[5]​ incluyendo a Giordano Bruno, que fue quemado en una hoguera por sus posturas intelectuales.[13]​ Sin embargo, el filósofo neerlandés del siglo XVII, Baruch Spinoza, fue particularmente conocido por esta doctrina filosófica.[5]

Baruch Spinoza

Probablemente recurriendo a ideas de Descartes,[14]Baruch Spinoza equiparó a Dios con la naturaleza, resumiendo esta idea con su celebre frase deus sive natura ("Dios o la naturaleza"),[15][16][17]​ por lo que es considerado el padre del panteísmo clásico. Spinoza se fundamentó más en el racionalismo que en la intuición, distinguiéndose así del enfoque de tradiciones orientales.[18]

La filosofía de Spinoza, a veces referida como espinosismo, ha sido entendida de diversas maneras, causando desacuerdos como la llamada controversia panteísta. No obstante, el espinosismo generalmente incluye la unión panteísta (Dios y Naturaleza) como natural. [19]​ También es posible enfocarse en el aspecto determinista del naturalismo.[20][21]

Spinoza también inspiró a otros panteístas que contaban con diversos grados de idealización de la naturaleza.[22][23]​ No obstante a lo anterior, la influencia de Spinoza durante su vida fue limitada.[24][25]

Finalmente, aunque Spinoza ha sido considerado el fundador de la línea de pensamiento del panteísmo naturalista, no necesariamente se le considera el único.[26][27][28]

Otros

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Ethical and Religious Thought in Analytic Philosophy of Language by Quentin Smith, 1998, Yale University Press, p. 226
  2. Paul Tillich: Theologian of the Boundaries by Paul Tillich, Mark K. Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Collins, 1987, p. 165
  3. Panentheism--The Other God of the Philosophers, John W. Cooper, Baker Academic, 2006, p. 39
  4. Lectures on Divine Humanity by Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov, Lindisfarne Press, 1995, p. 79
  5. The history of European philosophy: an introductory book by Walter Taylor Marvin, Macmillan Company, 1917, p. 325: “Naturalistic pantheism had already made its appearance in the sixteenth century and most notably in the writings of Giordano Bruno; but its most famous teacher was the seventeenth century philosopher Benedict Spinoza.”
  6. Ann Thomson; Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment, 2008, page 54.
  7. A Dictionary of Philosophy, ed. T. Mautner, Blackwell, 1996
  8. Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed. Ted Honderich, Oxford University Press, 1995
  9. Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2, Joseph Needham, Cambridge University Press, 1956, p. 38
  10. Kirkland, Russell. Taoism: The Enduring Tradition. (London and New York: Routledge, 2004). p. 61. ISBN 978-0-415-26321-4
  11. Stoicism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  12. Cooper, John W. (2006). Panentheism: The Other God of the Philosophers: From Plato to the Present. Baker Academic. p. 16. «Naturalistic pantheism anticipates Bruno, Spinoza, Toland, Einstein (not Schelling, Hegel) defining God in terms of Nature should not be construed as naturalistic pantheism. By "Nature" Eriugena means something like "Reality" rather than the mere physical universe. "But his position is in fact closer to the naturalistic pantheism of ancient Stoicism. The World-Soul is not a higher reality that generates the physical world but the rational causal agent immanent in the world"...» 
  13. Turner, William (prof. of philosophy at the Catholic University), "History of Philosophy", 1903, p. 429
  14. Elements of general philosophy By George Croom Robertson, p. 282
    "The pantheistic element in Descartes’ thought viz. the tendency to conceive the notion of substance in the truest sence as being only One, and the naturalistic element, viz. the tendency to conceive the One Substance of God as Order of Nature, were brought together and set in the front of Spinoza’s thought as the mother-idea of it all…Spinoza’s philosophy remains as yet and is likely to remain, the very type of a Naturalistic Pantheism."
  15. Elements of General Philosophy, George Croom Robertson, John Murray, 1896, p. 282
  16. Matthew Arnold: Between Two Worlds, AJ Lubell, Modern Language Quarterly, 1961, Duke University Press, page 5
  17. A Concise Dictionary of Theology by Gerald O'Collins, Edward G. Farrugia, Paulist Press, 2000, p. 188
  18. Philosophies of History: Meeting of East and West in Cycle-pattern ... Grace Edith Cairns, 1962
    This attitude is close to that of Spinoza's naturalistic pantheism in the West although Spinoza reached it by the more characteristically Western method, rationalism, versus the intuitive way of the Taoists
  19. Pafumi, G.R. (2010). Is Our Vision of God Obsolete. Xlibris Corporation. p. 153. ISBN 1441590404. «Spinoza = naturalistic pantheism — universe as a "single, interconnected, and solely natural substance."». 
  20. Tillich, Paul; Taylor, Mark Kline (1987). Paul Tillich: Theologian of the Boundaries (1. Fortress Press edición). London: Collins. p. 165. ISBN 9780800634032. «Naturalistic pantheism "denies finite freedom" as in Spinoza (as opposed to idealistic type of pantheism which identifies God with the universal essence of being)...» 
  21. Christian philosophy, God: being a contribution to a philosophy of theism by John Thomas Driscoll, Benzinger 1904, p. 190
    “In the criticism of his system we meet with the same difficulties that we find in Spinoza, i.e., the nature of the mind and of matter, the character of their interaction and the doctrine of determinism. Both Spinoza and Spencer teach a pure Naturalism … The two theories set forth are phases of Realistic or Naturalistic Pantheism.”
  22. Goethe, Nietzsche, And Wagner: Their Spinozan Epics of Love And Power by T. K. Seung, p. 11
    “The second function of the Earth Spirit was to clarify Goethe’s own version of pantheism. With the revival of Spinoza’s philosophy, naturalistic pantheism became a groundswell for the German intellectuals of Goethe’s generation. Although they rejected the other world, many of them subscribed to an idealistic or Romantic view of Nature, which Goethe regarded as an unreal view of reality…”
  23. The five great skeptical dramas of history by John Owen (theologian), 1896, p. 13
    “If he could be said to have owned a master of philosophy it was Spinoza. Of none other does he speak in such terms of commendation … In all probability Spinoza found his greatest disciple on the road to a naturalistic pantheism.”
  24. Christian Ethics by Adolf Wuttke (theologian), 1876, p. 289, p. 327
    “Spinoza exerted in his own age but little influence. Notwithstanding the deep spiritually-moral declension of that dark period, the religious God-consciousness was as yet too vital to fall in with this naturalistic pantheism.”
  25. Matthew Arnold: Between Two Worlds, AJ Lubell, Modern Language Quarterly, 1961, Duke University Press... Page 5
    "the naturalistic pantheism he then or somewhat later learned from Spinoza"
  26. Nothingness in the theology of Paul Tillich and Karl Barth by Sung Min Jeong University Press of America, 2003, p. 24
    "Spinoza establishes a naturalistic pantheism. Tillich considers Spinoza’s substance as a category"...
  27. George Finger Thomas (prof of religious thought), "Philosophy and religious belief", 1970, p. 92
    "..two forms of pantheism we have distinguished, idealistic monism and naturalistic pantheism. Here we shall consider only the naturalistic pantheism we have been describing, especially that of Spinoza."
  28. The riddle of the universe by Edward Douglas, London: Fawcett, 1893, p. 30
    "Spinoza carried philosophy into the realms of a naturalistic pantheism."
  29. Harrison, Paul. «Toland: the father of modern pantheism». Pantheist History. World Pantheist Movement. Consultado el 7 de septiembre de 2012. 
  30. "Materialism in Eighteenth-Century European Thought" in New Dictionary of the History of Ideas, 2005, ed. Peter Machamer and Francesca di Poppa
  31. The Middle Works of John Dewey, Volume 2, SIU Press, 1976, p. 184
  32. "Ernst Haeckel – Britannica Concise" (biography), Encyclopædia Britannica Concise, 2006, Concise. Britannica.com webpage: CBritannica-Haeckel el 11 de noviembre de 2006 en Wayback Machine..
  33. The Presbyterian and reformed review, Volume 7, Anson D.F. Randolph, 1896, p217
  •   Datos: Q374008

panteísmo, naturalista, panteísmo, naturalista, también, conocido, como, panteísmo, científico, forma, panteísmo, sido, usado, diversas, maneras, para, relacionar, dios, divinidad, cosas, concretas, determinismo, universo, desde, esta, perspectiva, dios, visto. El panteismo naturalista tambien conocido como panteismo cientifico es una forma de panteismo Ha sido usado de diversas maneras para relacionar a dios o la divinidad con cosas concretas 1 determinismo 2 o el universo 3 Desde esta perspectiva dios es visto como derivado de la unificacion de todos los fenomenos naturales 4 Dicha frase a veces es asociada a la filosofia de Baruch Spinoza 5 aunque no hay consenso en la forma en que se debe usar Indice 1 Componentes de la definicion 2 Concepciones antiguas 3 Concepciones modernas 3 1 Baruch Spinoza 3 2 Otros 4 Vease tambien 5 ReferenciasComponentes de la definicion EditarEl termino panteismo es derivado de las palabras griegas pan Greek pᾶn que significa todo y theos 8eos que significa dios Fue acunado por el Joseph Raphson en su trabajo De spatio reali publicado en 1697 6 El termino naturalista adscribe al Naturalismo que pese a diversos significados y usos en filosofia y en estetica 7 en el primer caso filosofia el termino generalmente denota la postura de que todo pertenece al orden de lo natural y puede ser comprendido con la metodologia apropiada para estudiarlo es decir las ciencias 8 Lo anterior tambien implica una ausencia de creencia en cualquier ser o fenomeno sobrenatural 7 Concepciones antiguas EditarEl academico britanico en filosofia y ciencia china Joseph Needham identifico al taoismo como un panteismo naturalista que enfatiza la unidad y espontaneidad de las operaciones de la naturaleza 9 Esta filosofia puede datada en la parte tardia del siglo IV antes de la era comun 10 La escuela de filosofica griega del estoicismo que aparecio en el siglo III tardio antes de la era comun 11 rechazo el dualismo mente cuerpo es decir la idea de que la mente o consciencia era independiente de lo material e identifico la sustancia de dios con el cosmos entero 3 No obstante no todos los filosofos que siguieron estas lineas de pensamiento pueden ser clasificados como adscritos al panteismo naturalista 12 Concepciones modernas EditarEn la epoca moderna el panteismo naturalista fue adscrito por varios pensadores 5 incluyendo a Giordano Bruno que fue quemado en una hoguera por sus posturas intelectuales 13 Sin embargo el filosofo neerlandes del siglo XVII Baruch Spinoza fue particularmente conocido por esta doctrina filosofica 5 Baruch Spinoza Editar Probablemente recurriendo a ideas de Descartes 14 Baruch Spinoza equiparo a Dios con la naturaleza resumiendo esta idea con su celebre frase deus sive natura Dios o la naturaleza 15 16 17 por lo que es considerado el padre del panteismo clasico Spinoza se fundamento mas en el racionalismo que en la intuicion distinguiendose asi del enfoque de tradiciones orientales 18 La filosofia de Spinoza a veces referida como espinosismo ha sido entendida de diversas maneras causando desacuerdos como la llamada controversia panteista No obstante el espinosismo generalmente incluye la union panteista Dios y Naturaleza como natural 19 Tambien es posible enfocarse en el aspecto determinista del naturalismo 20 21 Spinoza tambien inspiro a otros panteistas que contaban con diversos grados de idealizacion de la naturaleza 22 23 No obstante a lo anterior la influencia de Spinoza durante su vida fue limitada 24 25 Finalmente aunque Spinoza ha sido considerado el fundador de la linea de pensamiento del panteismo naturalista no necesariamente se le considera el unico 26 27 28 Otros Editar En 1705 el autor irlandes John Toland suscribio una forma de panteismo en la cual el Dios alma es lo mismo que el universo material 29 30 31 El naturalista aleman Ernst Haeckel 1834 1919 32 propuso un panteismo monista en el cual la idea de Dios es la misma que la de naturaleza o sustancia 33 Vease tambien EditarDeismo Animismo Naturalismo metafisico Naturalismo filosofia Panteismo Hipotesis GaiaReferencias Editar Ethical and Religious Thought in Analytic Philosophy of Language by Quentin Smith 1998 Yale University Press p 226 Paul Tillich Theologian of the Boundaries by Paul Tillich Mark K Taylor Mark Lewis Taylor Collins 1987 p 165 a b Panentheism The Other God of the Philosophers John W Cooper Baker Academic 2006 p 39 Lectures on Divine Humanity by Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov Lindisfarne Press 1995 p 79 a b c The history of European philosophy an introductory book by Walter Taylor Marvin Macmillan Company 1917 p 325 Naturalistic pantheism had already made its appearance in the sixteenth century and most notably in the writings of Giordano Bruno but its most famous teacher was the seventeenth century philosopher Benedict Spinoza Ann Thomson Bodies of Thought Science Religion and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment 2008 page 54 a b A Dictionary of Philosophy ed T Mautner Blackwell 1996 Oxford Companion to Philosophy ed Ted Honderich Oxford University Press 1995 Science and Civilisation in China Volume 2 Joseph Needham Cambridge University Press 1956 p 38 Kirkland Russell Taoism The Enduring Tradition London and New York Routledge 2004 p 61 ISBN 978 0 415 26321 4 Stoicism Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Cooper John W 2006 Panentheism The Other God of the Philosophers From Plato to the Present Baker Academic p 16 Naturalistic pantheism anticipates Bruno Spinoza Toland Einstein not Schelling Hegel defining God in terms of Nature should not be construed as naturalistic pantheism By Nature Eriugena means something like Reality rather than the mere physical universe But his position is in fact closer to the naturalistic pantheism of ancient Stoicism The World Soul is not a higher reality that generates the physical world but the rational causal agent immanent in the world Turner William prof of philosophy at the Catholic University History of Philosophy 1903 p 429 Elements of general philosophy By George Croom Robertson p 282 The pantheistic element in Descartes thought viz the tendency to conceive the notion of substance in the truest sence as being only One and the naturalistic element viz the tendency to conceive the One Substance of God as Order of Nature were brought together and set in the front of Spinoza s thought as the mother idea of it all Spinoza s philosophy remains as yet and is likely to remain the very type of a Naturalistic Pantheism Elements of General Philosophy George Croom Robertson John Murray 1896 p 282 Matthew Arnold Between Two Worlds AJ Lubell Modern Language Quarterly 1961 Duke University Press page 5 A Concise Dictionary of Theology by Gerald O Collins Edward G Farrugia Paulist Press 2000 p 188 Philosophies of History Meeting of East and West in Cycle pattern Grace Edith Cairns 1962 This attitude is close to that of Spinoza s naturalistic pantheism in the West although Spinoza reached it by the more characteristically Western method rationalism versus the intuitive way of the Taoists Pafumi G R 2010 Is Our Vision of God Obsolete Xlibris Corporation p 153 ISBN 1441590404 Spinoza naturalistic pantheism universe as a single interconnected and solely natural substance Tillich Paul Taylor Mark Kline 1987 Paul Tillich Theologian of the Boundaries 1 Fortress Press edicion London Collins p 165 ISBN 9780800634032 Naturalistic pantheism denies finite freedom as in Spinoza as opposed to idealistic type of pantheism which identifies God with the universal essence of being Christian philosophy God being a contribution to a philosophy of theism by John Thomas Driscoll Benzinger 1904 p 190 In the criticism of his system we meet with the same difficulties that we find in Spinoza i e the nature of the mind and of matter the character of their interaction and the doctrine of determinism Both Spinoza and Spencer teach a pure Naturalism The two theories set forth are phases of Realistic or Naturalistic Pantheism Goethe Nietzsche And Wagner Their Spinozan Epics of Love And Power by T K Seung p 11 The second function of the Earth Spirit was to clarify Goethe s own version of pantheism With the revival of Spinoza s philosophy naturalistic pantheism became a groundswell for the German intellectuals of Goethe s generation Although they rejected the other world many of them subscribed to an idealistic or Romantic view of Nature which Goethe regarded as an unreal view of reality The five great skeptical dramas of history by John Owen theologian 1896 p 13 If he could be said to have owned a master of philosophy it was Spinoza Of none other does he speak in such terms of commendation In all probability Spinoza found his greatest disciple on the road to a naturalistic pantheism Christian Ethics by Adolf Wuttke theologian 1876 p 289 p 327 Spinoza exerted in his own age but little influence Notwithstanding the deep spiritually moral declension of that dark period the religious God consciousness was as yet too vital to fall in with this naturalistic pantheism Matthew Arnold Between Two Worlds AJ Lubell Modern Language Quarterly 1961 Duke University Press Page 5 the naturalistic pantheism he then or somewhat later learned from Spinoza Nothingness in the theology of Paul Tillich and Karl Barth by Sung Min Jeong University Press of America 2003 p 24 Spinoza establishes a naturalistic pantheism Tillich considers Spinoza s substance as a category George Finger Thomas prof of religious thought Philosophy and religious belief 1970 p 92 two forms of pantheism we have distinguished idealistic monism and naturalistic pantheism Here we shall consider only the naturalistic pantheism we have been describing especially that of Spinoza The riddle of the universe by Edward Douglas London Fawcett 1893 p 30 Spinoza carried philosophy into the realms of a naturalistic pantheism Harrison Paul Toland the father of modern pantheism Pantheist History World Pantheist Movement Consultado el 7 de septiembre de 2012 Materialism in Eighteenth Century European Thought in New Dictionary of the History of Ideas 2005 ed Peter Machamer and Francesca di Poppa The Middle Works of John Dewey Volume 2 SIU Press 1976 p 184 Ernst Haeckel Britannica Concise biography Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise 2006 Concise Britannica com webpage CBritannica Haeckel Archivado el 11 de noviembre de 2006 en Wayback Machine The Presbyterian and reformed review Volume 7 Anson D F Randolph 1896 p217 Datos Q374008Obtenido de https es wikipedia org w index php title Panteismo naturalista amp oldid 128782527, wikipedia, wiki, leyendo, leer, libro, biblioteca,

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