Muchas de las propuestas nacionales del siglo XIX para construir un ferrocarril transcontinental fracasaron debido a la energía consumida por disputas políticas sobre la esclavitud. Con la secesión del Sur, los modernizadores en el Partido Republicano controlaron el Congreso de Estados Unidos. Aprobaron la legislación que autorizaba el ferrocarril con una financiación en forma de bonos ferroviarios gubernamentales, que fueron todos devueltos con intereses.[1] El gobierno y los ferrocarriles ambos compartieron el aumento del valor de las concesiones de tierras, en las cuales se desarrollaron los ferrocarriles.[2] La construcción del ferrocarril también aseguró que el gobierno "transporte de forma segura y rápida el correo, las tropas, municiones de guerra y las reservas públicas".[3]
Referencias
Daggett, Stuart (1908). «Union Pacific». Railroad Reorganization4. Harvard University Press. p. 256. Consultado el 13 de diciembre de 2011.
Leo Sheep Co. v. United States, 440 U.S. 668 (1979).
CPRR.org (24 de septiembre de 2009). «Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, §2». Cprr.org. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2014.
Lecturas recomendadas
Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). Nothing Like It In The World: The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863-1869. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN0-684-84609-8.
Bain, David Haward (1999). Empire Express: Building the First Transcontinental Railroad. New York: Viking. ISBN0-670-80889-X.
Beebe, Lucius (1963). The Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads. Berkeley, CA: Howell-North Books.
Cooper, Bruce C. (2005). Riding the Transcontinental Rails: Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865-1881. Philadelphia: Polyglot Press. ISBN1-4115-9993-4.
Cooper, Bruce Clement (2010). The Classic Western American Railroad Routes. New York: Chartwell Books/Worth Press. ISBN0-7858-2573-8.
Daggett, Stuart (1922). Chapters on the History of the Southern Pacific. New York: The Ronald Press.
Evans, Cerinda W. (1954). Collis Potter Huntington (2 vols.). Newport News, Va.: Mariners' Museum.
Fleisig, Heywood (1975). «The Central Pacific Railroad and the Railroad Land Grant Controversy». Journal of Economic History35 (3): 552-566. doi:10.1017/s002205070007563x. Questions whether promoters of the Central Pacific Railroad were oversubsidized. Confirms the traditional view that subsidies were not an economic necessity because they "influenced neither the decision to invest in the railroad nor the speed of its construction." Notes that estimates of rate of return for the railroad developers using government funds range from 71% to 200%, while estimates of private rates of return range from 15% to 25%.
Galloway, John Debo (1950). The First Transcontinental Railroad: Central Pacific, Union Pacific. New York: Simmons-Boardman.
Goldbaum, Howard, and Wendell Huffman (2012). Waiting for the Cars: Alfred A. Hart's Stereoscopic Views of the Central Pacific Railroad, 1863-1869. Carson City: Nevada State Railroad Museum.
Griswold, Wesley (1962). A Work of Giants: Building the First Trans-continental Railroad. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Klein, Maury (1987). Union Pacific (3 vols.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN0-385-17728-3.
Kraus, George (1969). High Road to Promontory: Building the Central Pacific (Now the Southern Pacific) across the High Sierra. Palo Alto: American West Pub. Co.
Kraus, George (1975). «Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific». Utah Historical Quarterly37 (1): 41-57. Shows how Chinese railroad workers lived and worked, and managed the finances associated with their employment. Concludes that CPRR officials who employed the Chinese, even those at first opposed to the policy, came to appreciate the reliability of this group of laborers. There are many quotations from accounts by contemporary observers.
Lake, Holly (1994). «Construction of the CPRR: Chinese Immigrant Contribution». Northeastern Nevada Historical Society Quarterly94 (4): 188-199.
Mercer, Lloyd J. (1970). «Rates of Return for Land-grant Railroads: the Central Pacific System». Journal of Economic History30 (3): 602-626. Analyzes the impact of land grants from 1864 to 1890 on rates of return from investment in the Central Pacific Railroad. Results suggest that even without land grants, rates of return were high enough to induce investment. Also, land grants did not pay for the construction of the railroad. Land grants, however, did produce large social returns in western states by accelerating construction of the system.
Mercer, Lloyd J. (1969). «Land Grants to American Railroads: Social Cost or Social Benefit?». Business History Review43 (2): 134-151. doi:10.2307/3112269. Uses econometrics to determine the value of railroad land grants of the 19th century to the railroads and to society. The author summarizes and criticizes previous treatments of this subject, and discusses his own findings. Using the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific systems as the basis for his investigation, the author concludes that the railroad owners received unaided rates of return that substantially exceeded the private rate of return on the average alternative project in the economy during the same period. Thus, the projects were profitable, although contemporary observers expected that the roads would be privately unprofitable without the land grant aid. The land grants did not have a major effect, increasing the private rate of return only slightly. Nevertheless, he says the policy of subsidizing those railroad systems was beneficial for society since the social rate of return from the project was substantial and exceeded the private rate by a significant margin.
Ong, Paul M. (1985). «The Central Pacific Railroad and Exploitation of Chinese Labor». Journal of Ethnic Studies13 (2): 119-124. Ong tries to resolve the apparent inconsistency in the literature on Asians in early California, with contradictory studies showing evidence both for and against the exploitation of Chinese labor by the CPRR, using monopsony theory as developed by Joan Robinson. Because CPRR set different wages for whites and Chinese (each group had different elasticities of supply) and used the two classes in different types of positions, the two groups were complementary, rather than interchangeable. Calculations thus show higher levels of exploitation of the Chinese than found in previous studies.
Saxton, Alexander (1966). «The Army of Canton in the High Sierra». Pacific Historical Review35 (2): 141-151. doi:10.2307/3636678.
Tutorow, Norman E. (1970). «Stanford's Responses to Competition: Rhetoric Versus Reality». Southern California Quarterly52 (3): 231-247. doi:10.2307/41170298. Leland Stanford and the men who ran the CPRR paid lip-service to the idea of free competition, but in practice sought to dominate competing railroad and shipping lines. Analyzing the period 1869-1893, the author shows how Stanford and his associates repeatedly entered into pooling arrangements to prevent competition, bought out competitors, or forced rivals to agree not to compete. He concludes that Stanford and his partners viewed laissez-faire as applicable only to government controls, and not to businessmen's destruction of competition within the system.
White, Richard (2003). «Information, Markets, and Corruption: Transcontinental Railroads in the Gilded Age». The Journal of American History90 (1).
Williams, John Hoyt (1988). A Great and Shining Road: The Epic Story of the Transcontinental Railroad. New York: Times Books. ISBN0-8129-1668-9.
Neil Goodwin, Peace River Films (1990). «The Iron Road». The American Experience. PBS.
Best, Gerald M (1969). Iron Horses to Promontory. New York: Golden West.
Enlaces externos
Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Central Pacific.
Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
Railroads in California, handwritten report by L. M. Clement. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
Datos:Q1053930
Multimedia:Central Pacific Railroad
Agosto 04, 2021
central, pacific, railroad, company, conocida, siglas, cprr, antiguo, nombre, ferroviaria, construida, entre, california, utah, estados, unidos, construyó, hacia, este, costa, oeste, década, 1860, para, completar, parte, occidental, primer, ferrocarril, transc. La Central Pacific Railroad Company conocida por sus siglas CPRR es el antiguo nombre de la red ferroviaria construida entre California y Utah en Estados Unidos que construyo hacia el este de la Costa Oeste en la decada de 1860 para completar la parte occidental del primer ferrocarril transcontinental en America del Norte Ahora es parte de la Union Pacific Central PacificRuta del primer transcontinental de America Central Pacific rojo en el oeste y Union Pacific azul que se encontraron en Utah en 1869 LugarUbicacion Estados UnidosArea abastecidaSacramento California Ogden UtahDescripcionTipoFerrocarrilInauguracion28 de junio de 1861Clausura1 de abril de 1885Caracteristicas tecnicasAncho de via1 435 mmExplotacionEstadoDesaparecidaSucesion de lineasActual Southern Pacific editar datos en Wikidata Muchas de las propuestas nacionales del siglo XIX para construir un ferrocarril transcontinental fracasaron debido a la energia consumida por disputas politicas sobre la esclavitud Con la secesion del Sur los modernizadores en el Partido Republicano controlaron el Congreso de Estados Unidos Aprobaron la legislacion que autorizaba el ferrocarril con una financiacion en forma de bonos ferroviarios gubernamentales que fueron todos devueltos con intereses 1 El gobierno y los ferrocarriles ambos compartieron el aumento del valor de las concesiones de tierras en las cuales se desarrollaron los ferrocarriles 2 La construccion del ferrocarril tambien aseguro que el gobierno transporte de forma segura y rapida el correo las tropas municiones de guerra y las reservas publicas 3 Referencias Editar Daggett Stuart 1908 Union Pacific Railroad Reorganization 4 Harvard University Press p 256 Consultado el 13 de diciembre de 2011 Leo Sheep Co v United States 440 U S 668 1979 CPRR org 24 de septiembre de 2009 Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 2 Cprr org Consultado el 17 de enero de 2014 Lecturas recomendadas EditarAmbrose Stephen E 2000 Nothing Like It In The World The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863 1869 New York Simon amp Schuster ISBN 0 684 84609 8 Bain David Haward 1999 Empire Express Building the First Transcontinental Railroad New York Viking ISBN 0 670 80889 X Beebe Lucius 1963 The Central Pacific and Southern Pacific Railroads Berkeley CA Howell North Books Cooper Bruce C 2005 Riding the Transcontinental Rails Overland Travel on the Pacific Railroad 1865 1881 Philadelphia Polyglot Press ISBN 1 4115 9993 4 Cooper Bruce Clement 2010 The Classic Western American Railroad Routes New York Chartwell Books Worth Press ISBN 0 7858 2573 8 Daggett Stuart 1922 Chapters on the History of the Southern Pacific New York The Ronald Press Evans Cerinda W 1954 Collis Potter Huntington 2 vols Newport News Va Mariners Museum Fleisig Heywood 1975 The Central Pacific Railroad and the Railroad Land Grant Controversy Journal of Economic History 35 3 552 566 doi 10 1017 s002205070007563x Questions whether promoters of the Central Pacific Railroad were oversubsidized Confirms the traditional view that subsidies were not an economic necessity because they influenced neither the decision to invest in the railroad nor the speed of its construction Notes that estimates of rate of return for the railroad developers using government funds range from 71 to 200 while estimates of private rates of return range from 15 to 25 Galloway John Debo 1950 The First Transcontinental Railroad Central Pacific Union Pacific New York Simmons Boardman Goldbaum Howard and Wendell Huffman 2012 Waiting for the Cars Alfred A Hart s Stereoscopic Views of the Central Pacific Railroad 1863 1869 Carson City Nevada State Railroad Museum Griswold Wesley 1962 A Work of Giants Building the First Trans continental Railroad New York McGraw Hill Klein Maury 1987 Union Pacific 3 vols Garden City NY Doubleday ISBN 0 385 17728 3 Kraus George 1969 High Road to Promontory Building the Central Pacific Now the Southern Pacific across the High Sierra Palo Alto American West Pub Co Kraus George 1975 Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific Utah Historical Quarterly 37 1 41 57 Shows how Chinese railroad workers lived and worked and managed the finances associated with their employment Concludes that CPRR officials who employed the Chinese even those at first opposed to the policy came to appreciate the reliability of this group of laborers There are many quotations from accounts by contemporary observers Lake Holly 1994 Construction of the CPRR Chinese Immigrant Contribution Northeastern Nevada Historical Society Quarterly 94 4 188 199 Mercer Lloyd J 1970 Rates of Return for Land grant Railroads the Central Pacific System Journal of Economic History 30 3 602 626 Analyzes the impact of land grants from 1864 to 1890 on rates of return from investment in the Central Pacific Railroad Results suggest that even without land grants rates of return were high enough to induce investment Also land grants did not pay for the construction of the railroad Land grants however did produce large social returns in western states by accelerating construction of the system Mercer Lloyd J 1969 Land Grants to American Railroads Social Cost or Social Benefit Business History Review 43 2 134 151 doi 10 2307 3112269 Uses econometrics to determine the value of railroad land grants of the 19th century to the railroads and to society The author summarizes and criticizes previous treatments of this subject and discusses his own findings Using the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific systems as the basis for his investigation the author concludes that the railroad owners received unaided rates of return that substantially exceeded the private rate of return on the average alternative project in the economy during the same period Thus the projects were profitable although contemporary observers expected that the roads would be privately unprofitable without the land grant aid The land grants did not have a major effect increasing the private rate of return only slightly Nevertheless he says the policy of subsidizing those railroad systems was beneficial for society since the social rate of return from the project was substantial and exceeded the private rate by a significant margin Ong Paul M 1985 The Central Pacific Railroad and Exploitation of Chinese Labor Journal of Ethnic Studies 13 2 119 124 Ong tries to resolve the apparent inconsistency in the literature on Asians in early California with contradictory studies showing evidence both for and against the exploitation of Chinese labor by the CPRR using monopsony theory as developed by Joan Robinson Because CPRR set different wages for whites and Chinese each group had different elasticities of supply and used the two classes in different types of positions the two groups were complementary rather than interchangeable Calculations thus show higher levels of exploitation of the Chinese than found in previous studies Saxton Alexander 1966 The Army of Canton in the High Sierra Pacific Historical Review 35 2 141 151 doi 10 2307 3636678 Tutorow Norman E 1970 Stanford s Responses to Competition Rhetoric Versus Reality Southern California Quarterly 52 3 231 247 doi 10 2307 41170298 Leland Stanford and the men who ran the CPRR paid lip service to the idea of free competition but in practice sought to dominate competing railroad and shipping lines Analyzing the period 1869 1893 the author shows how Stanford and his associates repeatedly entered into pooling arrangements to prevent competition bought out competitors or forced rivals to agree not to compete He concludes that Stanford and his partners viewed laissez faire as applicable only to government controls and not to businessmen s destruction of competition within the system White Richard 2003 Information Markets and Corruption Transcontinental Railroads in the Gilded Age The Journal of American History 90 1 Williams John Hoyt 1988 A Great and Shining Road The Epic Story of the Transcontinental Railroad New York Times Books ISBN 0 8129 1668 9 Neil Goodwin Peace River Films 1990 The Iron Road The American Experience PBS Best Gerald M 1969 Iron Horses to Promontory New York Golden West Enlaces externos Editar Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoria multimedia sobre Central Pacific Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum Railroads in California handwritten report by L M Clement Special Collections and Archives The UC Irvine Libraries Irvine California Datos Q1053930 Multimedia Central Pacific RailroadObtenido de https es wikipedia org w index php title Central Pacific amp oldid 134276105, wikipedia, wiki, leyendo, leer, libro, biblioteca,
