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Sociología pura

Como la teoría de la elección racional, la teoría del conflicto, o el funcionalismo, la sociología pura es un paradigma y una estrategia para explicar el comportamiento humano. Desarrollado por Donald Black como una alternativa a las teorías individualistas y social-psicológicas, la sociología pura fue inicialmente utilizada para explicar la variación en el comportamiento legal.[1]​ Desde entonces, Black y otros sociólogos han utilizado la estrategia para explicar el terrorismo,[2]el genocidio,[3]​el linchamiento,[4]​ y otras formas de gestión de conflictos[5]​ así como la ciencia,[6]​el arte,[7]​ y la religión.[8]

Epistemología

La sociología pura explica la vida social con su geometría social.[9]​ La vida social se refiere a cualquier instancia de conducta humana, como la ley, el suicidio, el chisme o el arte, mientras que la geometría social de una conducta, también llamada estructura social, se refiere a las características sociales de los involucrados, como su grado de interacción o su nivel de riqueza. Hasta cierto punto, este enfoque se basa en aspectos del trabajo sociológico anterior, que van desde el énfasis de Durkheim en las explicaciones sociales para el comportamiento individual hasta el trabajo posterior en la variación del comportamiento policial (y legal).

Diferencias con otras teorías sociológicas

Prácticamente toda la sociología explica el comportamiento de las personas, ya sean grupos o individuos, con alguna referencia a sus construcciones mentales (psicología) o los propósitos de su acción (teleología). Pero la sociología pura reconceptualiza el comportamiento humano como vida social, algo que no existe en la mente, no es explicable por los objetivos de las acciones, y es supraindividual. La sociología pura, entonces, puede distinguirse de otros paradigmas sociológicos por lo que está ausente: la psicología, la teleología e incluso las personas como tales. El enfoque de la sociología pura en una realidad social única puede sonar durkheimiano, y Black ve el acercamiento como "más durkheimiano que Durkheim".[10]

Planteamientos

En The Behavior of Law, publicado en 1976, Donald Black introdujo el primer ejemplo de sociología pura: una teoría general de la ley o el control social gubernamental. Esta teoría busca explicar la variación en la ley, y un aspecto de la variación legal es la cantidad de leyes originadas por un caso de conflicto. Un conflicto es una situación en la que una persona tiene una queja contra otra, como cuando se ha producido una agresión o se ha roto un contrato, y las partes ofendidas pueden o no apelar ante la policía o ante los tribunales civiles para resolverla. Los casos pueden atraer a la ley o no, entonces, y cuando atraen la ley, puede haber más o menos casos similares.

Cuando la policía hace un arresto en un caso de asalto, por ejemplo, hay más casos que cuando simplemente hay una llamada a la policía, y cuando alguien es condenado hay más casos que cuando simplemente hay un arresto. La sociología pura explica esta variación al identificar un número de variables sociológicas que están asociadas con la variación en la cantidad de casos. Estas incluyen varias formas de estatus social (como riqueza, integración, cultura, convencionalidad, organización y respetabilidad), así como varias formas de distancia social (como la distancia relacional y la distancia cultural). Estos son aspectos de las estructuras sociales de los casos, por lo que los casos en los que los litigantes tienen un alto estatus tienen estructuras sociales diferentes -y se manejan de manera diferente- que los casos que involucran disputas de bajo estatus. El hecho de que los contendientes sean socialmente cercanos o distantes entre sí también determina la cantidad de leyes que atrae el caso. Por ejemplo, una de las predicciones de la teoría es que dentro de una sociedad, la ley varía directamente con la distancia relacional. La distancia relacional se refiere a la cantidad e intensidad de la interacción entre las partes, por lo que la teoría predice que hay más intervención de la ley en los conflictos entre extraños que en aquellos entre los íntimos. Este aspecto de la teoría explica numerosos hechos, como por qué aquellos que matan a extraños son castigados más severamente que aquellos que matan a personas íntimas[11]​ y por qué las mujeres violadas por extraños tienen mayor probabilidad de denunciarlo a la policía.[12]

Desde la publicación de The Behavior of Law, Black y otros sociólogos puros han aplicado la estrategia teórica a muchos otros temas. En particular, Black ha desarrollado una teoría general del control social que va más allá de la ley para explicar de manera más general el manejo de todos los conflictos humanos.[13]​ La mayoría de los conflictos se manejan sin apelar al sistema legal, y la teoría explica así no solo la ley, sino la evasión, el chisme, la terapia, las peleas y muchas otras formas de control social no gubernamental. Además de ampliar el tema, este trabajo posterior también amplía la teoría para enfocarse no solo en las características sociales de los contendientes iniciales en un conflicto, sino también de terceros (todos aquellos con conocimiento de un conflicto). Por ejemplo, Mark Cooney examina cómo el comportamiento de un tercero da forma a la violencia. Si y cómo los terceros se involucran en un conflicto pueden determinar no solo la probabilidad de violencia, sino también la forma que la violencia toma. Por ejemplo, las configuraciones sociales caracterizadas por lazos grupales cercanos y distantes conducen a un comportamiento parecido a un feudo en el que la violencia se produce entre grupos durante un largo período de tiempo. En esta situación, los terceros son miembros de grupos, y están relacionalmente cerca de los miembros del grupo pero distantes de los demás. Cuando se producen conflictos entre grupos, apoyan a un lado y se oponen al otro, y pueden unirse a la violencia de represalia contra miembros de grupos rivales. Otras configuraciones sociales conducen a otras formas de violencia o incluso a la paz. Por ejemplo, cuando hay vínculos transversales, como cuando las personas están relacionalmente cerca de los miembros de otros grupos, es más probable que los terceros promuevan la paz.[14]

Recientemente, Black se ha movido más allá del estudio de cómo se manejan los conflictos para examinar el origen del conflicto en sí mismo. En Tiempo Moral[15]​ identifica las causas de los enfrentamientos de lo correcto y lo incorrecto en las relaciones humanas. Al hacerlo, esta teoría invoca un nuevo concepto explicativo -la idea de movimiento en el tiempo social- y de este modo amplía el enfoque sociológico puro.

Black y otros también se han movido más allá del conflicto y el control social para desarrollar explicaciones de ideas como[16]​, depredación,[17]​ bienestar[18]​, investigación[19]​, y otras formas de vida social. Por ejemplo, la teoría de las ideas de Black explica el contenido de las ideas por sus estructuras sociales. Así como cada conflicto tiene una estructura social que consiste en las características sociales de los que disputan y de los terceros, cada idea -cada enunciado sobre la realidad- tiene una estructura social que consiste en las características de la fuente, el sujeto y la audiencia. Por ejemplo, el tema de una idea puede ser íntimo o distante de la fuente: las personas tienen ideas acerca de los miembros de la familia, amigos y extraños. El sujeto también puede tener un estatus social alto o bajo: las personas tienen ideas sobre senadores y hombres de negocios, así como sobre vagabundos. Pero las ideas varían según sus estructuras sociales. La explicación de Black de voluntarismo y determinismo, por ejemplo, afirma que las ideas sobre sujetos de alto estatus son más propensas a ser voluntaristas (para invocar el libre albedrío). La teoría predeciría, entonces, que las personas ofrecerían explicaciones voluntaristas a los senadores y hombres de negocios y explicaciones deterministas de los vagabundos.[20]

Practicantes

Un gran número de sociólogos han utilizado al menos algunos elementos teóricos de la estrategia en su trabajo, entre ellos, los Profesores M. P. Baumgartner, Marian Borg, Bradley Campbell, , Allan Horwitz, el 16 de julio de 2001 en Wayback Machine., Scott Jacques, Marcus Kondkar, , Joseph Michalski, Calvin Morrill, Scott Phillips, , y James Tucker.

Crítica

Mientras que destacados sociólogos tales como Randall Collins,[21]​ ,[22]​ ,[23]​ y Jonathan H. Turner[24]​ han elogiado aspectos de la sociología pura, el enfoque también ha sido criticado. Kam C. Wong[25]​ critica su cientificismo, David F. Greenberg[26]​ su uso de explicaciones legalistas, y Thomas J. Scheff[27]​ su intento disciplinario de pureza. En un simposio de 2008, Douglas A. Marshall [28]​ ofrece una amplia crítica al sistema. Marshall sostiene que, contrariamente al objetivo declarado de hacer sociología científica, su enfoque es en realidad la antítesis de la ciencia moderna por sus valores y prácticas—un tema reiterado por Stephen Turner en el simposio.[29]

Respuesta a las críticas

,[30]​ Allan Horwitz,[31]​ y Joseph Michalski[32]​ han respondido a algunas críticas específicas a la sociología pura, mientras que Donald Black, en "Epistemología de la Sociología Pura"[33]​ así como en otros escritos,[34]​ ha respondido en general a la crítica con una extensa defensa de su enfoque sociológico.

Referencias

  1. Black, Donald. 1976. The Behavior of Law. New York: Academic Press.
  2. Black, Donald. 2004. "The Geometry of Terrorism." Sociological Theory 22:15-25.
  3. Campbell, Bradley. 2009. "Genocide as Social Control." Sociological Theory 27:150-172.
  4. Senechal de la Roche, Roberta. 1997. "The Sociogenesis of Lynching." Pages 48-76 in Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the South, edited by W. Fitzhugh Brundage. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  5. Black, Donald. 1998. The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. San Diego: Academic Press.
  6. Black, Donald. 2000. "Dreams of Pure Sociology." Sociological Theory 18:352-356.
  7. Black, Donald. 1998. The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 168-169.
  8. Black, Donald. 1995. "The Epistemology of Pure Sociology." Law and Social Inquiry 20:856-858.
  9. Black, Donald. 2000. "Dreams of Pure Sociology." Sociological Theory 18:343. 
  10. Black, Donald. 1995. "The Epistemology of Pure Sociology." Law and Social Inquiry 20:850. 
  11. Cooney, Mark. 2009. Is Killing Wrong? A Study in Pure Sociology. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 156-170. 
  12. Williams, L. S. 1984. "The Classic Rape: When Do Victims Report?" Social Problems 31:459-467. 
  13. Black, Donald. 1998. The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. San Diego: Academic Press. 
  14. Cooney, Mark. 1998. Warriors and Peacemakers: How Third Parties Shape Violence. New York: New York University Press. 67-106. 
  15. . 28 de junio de 2011. Consultado el 14 de mayo de 2018. 
  16. Black, Donald. 2000. "Dreams of Pure Sociology." Sociological Theory 18:343-367. 
  17. Cooney, Mark. 2006. "The Criminological Potential of Pure Sociology." Crime, Law and Social Change 46:58-60. 
  18. Michalski, Joseph H. 2003. "Financial Altruism or Unilateral Resource Exchanges? Toward a Pure Sociology of Welfare." Sociological Theory 21:341-358. 
  19. Jacques, Scott and Richard Wright. 2008. "Intimacy with Outlaws: The Role of Relational Distance in Recruiting, Paying, and Interviewing Underworld Research Participants." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45:22-38. 
  20. Black, Donald. 2000. "Dreams of Pure Sociology." Sociological Theory 18:356-357. 
  21. Collins, Randall. 2002. "Black's Contributions to a General Theory of Conflict." Contemporary Sociology 31(6):655-658.
  22. Cerulo, Karen A. 2002. "The Behavior of Culture ... Courtesy of Donald Black." Contemporary Sociology 31(6):652-655.
  23. Sciulli, David. 1996. "Response to Senechal—Courage and Care in "Blackian" Social Theory: A Word in Praise of Senechal de la Roche." Sociological Forum 11(1):129-133.
  24. Turner, Jonathan H. 2002. "Why are Elegant Theories Under-Utilized by Sociologists?" Contemporary Sociology 31(6):664-668.
  25. Wong, Kam C. 1995. "Black's Theory on the Behavior of Law Revisited." International Journal of the Sociology of Law 23(1):189-232.
  26. Greenberg, David F. 1983. "Donald Black's Sociology of Law: A Critque." Law and Society Review 17:337-368.
  27. Scheff, Thomas. 2003. Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 32, No. 4. (Jul., 2003), pp. 544-545.
  28. Marshall, Douglas A. 2008. “The Dangers of Purity: On the Incompatibility of ‘Pure Sociology’ and Science” The Sociological Quarterly 49(2): 209-235.
  29. Turner, Stephen. 2008. "How Not to do Science". The Sociological Quarterly 49(2):236-252.
  30. Cooney, Mark. 1986. "Behavioural Sociology of Law: A Defence." The Modern Law Review 49:262-271.
  31. Horwitz, Allan. 1983. "Resistance to Innovation in the Sociology of Law: A Response to Greenberg." Law and Society Review 17:369-384.
  32. Michalski, Joseph. 2008. "The Social Life of Pure Sociology." The Sociological Quarterly 49:253-274.
  33. Black, Donald. 1995. "The Epistemology of Pure Sociology." Law and Social Inquiry 20:864-869.
  34. Black, Donald. 2000. "The Purification of Sociology." Contemporary Sociology 29:704-709.

Bibliografía

Baumgartner, M. P.

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  • 1985. “Law and the Middle Class: Evidence from a Suburban Town.” Law and Human Behavior 9(1):3-24.
  • 1987. “Utopian justice: the covert facilitation of white-collar crime.” Journal of Social Issues 43:61-69.
  • 1988. The Moral Order of a Suburb. New York: Oxford University Press.
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Black, Donald

  • 1970. “Production of Crime Rates.” American Sociological Review 35:733-748.
  • 1971. “The Social Organization of Arrest.” Stanford Law Review 23:1087-1111.
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  • 1973. “The Mobilization of Law.” Journal of Legal Studies 2:125-149.
  • 1973. “Introduction.” Pages 1–14 in The Social Organization of Law, edited by Donald Black and Maureen Mileski. New York: Academic Press.
  • 1976. The Behavior of Law. New York: Academic Press.
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  • 1979. “A Note on the Measurement of Law.” Informationsbrief für Rechtssoziologie, Sonderheft 2:92-106.
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  • 1984. Toward a General Theory of Social Control, Volume 2: Selected Problems. Orlando: Academic Press. (editor)
  • 1984. “Preface.” Toward a General Theory of Social Control, Volume 2: Selected Problems, edited by Donald Black. Orlando: Academic Press.
  • 1984. “Crime as Social Control.” Pages 1–27 in Toward a General Theory of Social Control, Volume 2: Selected Problems, edited by Donald Black. Orlando: Academic Press.
  • 1984. “Jurocracy in America.” The Tocqueville Review – La Revue Tocquevelle 6:273-281.
  • 1987. “Compensation and the Social Structure of Misfortune.” Law & Society Review 21(4):563-584.
  • 1987. “A Note on the Sociology of Islamic Law.” Pages 47–62 in Perspectives on Islamic Law, Justice and Society, edited by Ravindra S. Khare. Working Papers, Number 3. Charlottesville: Center for Advanced Studies University of Virginia.
  • 1989. Sociological Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
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  • 1993. “La Mobilisation du Droit: Autobiographie d’un Concept: (The Mobilization of Law: Autobiography of a Concept”). Pages 376-378 in Dictionnaire Encyclopédique de Théorie et de Sociologie de Droit, under the direction of André-Jean Arnaud. Paris: Librairie, Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence.
  • 1995. “The Epistemology of Pure Sociology.” Law and Social Inquiry 20:829-870.\
  • 1997. “The Lawyerization of Legal Sociology.” Amici (Newsletter of the Sociology of Law Section, American Sociological Association) 5:4-7.
  • 1998. The Social Structure of Right and Wrong. San Diego: Academic Press.
  • 2000. “On the Origin of Morality.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 7:107-1191.
  • 2000. “The Purification of Sociology.” Contemporary Sociology 29(5):704-709.
  • 2000. “Dreams of Pure Sociology.” Sociological Theory 18(3):343-367.
  • 2002. “The Geometry of Law: An Interview with Donald Black”, by Aaron Bell. International Journal of the Sociology of Law 30:101-129.
  • 2002. “Terrorism as Social Control. Part I: The Geometry of Destruction.” American Sociological Association Crime, Law, and Deviance Newsletter Spring:3-5.
  • 2002. “Terrorism as Social Control. Part II: The Geometry of Retaliation.” American Sociological Association Crime, Law, and Deviance Newsletter Summer:3-5.
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  • 2011. Moral Time. New York: Oxford University Press.

Black, Donald y M.P. Baumgartner

  • 1983. “Toward a Theory of Third Party.” Pages 84–114 in Empirical Theories about Courts, edited by Keith O. Boyum and Lynn Mather. New York: Longman.
  • 1987. “On Self-Help In Modern Society.” Dialectical Anthropology 12:33-44. Also, pages 193-208 in The Manners and Customs of the Police, by Donald Black. New York: Academic Press.

Borg, Marian J.

  • 1992. “Conflict Management in the Modern World-System.” Sociological Forum 7(2):261-282.
  • 1998. “Vicarious Homicide Victimization and Support for Capital Punishment: A Test of Black's Theory of Law.” Criminology 36:537-567.
  • 2000. “Drug testing in organizations: applying Horwitz’s theory of the effectiveness of social control.” Deviant Behavior 21:123-154.

Borg, Marian J. y William P. Arnold III

  • 1997. “Social Monitoring as Social Control: The Case of Drug Testing in a Medical Workplace.” Sociological Forum 12(3):441-460.

Borg, Marian J. y Karen F. Parker

  • 2001. “Mobilizing Law in Urban Areas: The Social Structure of Homicide Clearance Rates.” Law and Society Review 35:435-466.

Campbell, Bradley

  • 2009. “Genocide as Social Control.” Sociological Theory 27(2):150-172.
  • 2010. “Contradictory Behavior During Genocides.” Sociological Forum 25(2):296-314.
  • 2010. “Review of Is Killing Wrong?Social Forces 89(2):720-721.
  • 2011. “Black's Theory of Law and Social Control.” In Oxford Bibliographies Online: Criminology, edited by Richard Rosenfeld.
  • Forthcoming. "Genocide as a Matter of Degree." British Journal of Sociology.

Cooney, Mark

  • 1986. “Behavioural Sociology of Law: A Defence.” The Modern Law Review 49(2):262-271.
  • 1989. “Legal Secrets: Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law.” American Journal of Sociology 95(2):536-537.
  • 1992. “Racial Discrimination in Arrest.” Pages 99–119 in Virginia Review of Sociology: Law and Conflict Management, edited by James Tucker. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc.
  • 1993. “Why is Economic Analysis So Appealing to Law Professors?” Stanford Law Review 45(6):2211-2230.
  • 1994. "The Informal Social Control of Homicide." Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 34:31-59.
  • 1994. “Evidence as Partisanship.” Law and Society Review 28(4):833-858.
  • 1995. “The Struggle for Control: A Study of Law, Disputes, and Deviance.” Social Forces 73(3):1174-1175.
  • 1997. “From Warre to Tyranny: Lethal Conflict and the State.” American Sociological Review 62(2):316-338.
  • 1997. “The decline of elite homicide.” Criminology 35:381-407.
  • 1997. “Hunting among police and predators: The enforcement of traffic law.” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 16: 165-188.
  • 1998. Warriors and Peacemakers: How Third Parties Shape Violence. New York: New York University Press.
  • 1998. "The Dark Side of Community: Moralistic Homicide and Strong Social Ties." Sociological Focus 31: 135-153.
  • 2001. "Legal Aspects of Feud/Internal War." Section 3.8 in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes.
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  • 2003. “The Privatization of Violence.” Criminology 41(4):1377-1406.
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  • 2009. “Ethnic Conflict Without Ethnic Groups: A Study in Pure Sociology.” British Journal of Sociology 60:473-492.
  • 2009. “The Scientific Significance of Collins's Violence.” British Journal of Sociology 60:586-594.
  • 2009. Is Killing Wrong? A Study in Pure Sociology. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

Cooney, Mark y Scott Phillips

  • 2002. "Typologizing La Violencia: Un Blackian Perspectiva". Revista internacional de Sociología y Política Social 22(7/8):75-108

Geiger-Oneto, Stephanie y Scott Phillips

  • 2003. “Driving While Black: The Role of Race, Sex, and Social Status.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 1(2):1-25.

Godard, Ellis

  • 2003. “Reel life: the social geometry of reality shows.” Pages 73–96 in Survivor Lessons: Essays on Communication and Reality Television, edited by Matthew J. Smith and Andrew F. Wood. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.

Hawdon, James y John Ryan

  • 2009. “Hiding in Plain Sight: Community Organization, Naive Trust and Terrorism.” Current Sociology 57:323-343.

Hembroff, Larry A.

  • 1987. “The Seriousness of Acts and Social Contexts: A Test of Black's Theory of the Behavior of Law.” American Journal of Sociology 93:322-347.

Hoffmann, Heath C.

  • 2006. “Criticism as Deviance and Social Control in Alcoholics Anonymous.” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35:669-695

Horwitz, Allan V.

  • 1982. The Social Control of Mental Illness. New York: Academic Press.
  • 1982-3. “Resistance to innovation in the sociology of law: a reply to Greenberg.” Law and Society Review 17:369-384.
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  • 2002. “A Continuities Symposium on Donald Black’s The Behavior of Law.” Contemporary Sociology 31(November):641-674. (editor)
  • 2002. “Toward a New Science of Social Life: A Retrospective Examination of ‘The Behavior of Law’.” Contemporary Sociology 31(6):641-644.
  • 2002. Creating Mental Illness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Jacques, Scott y Richard Wright

  • 2008. "Intimacy with Outlaws: The Role of Relational Distance in Recruiting, Paying, and Interviewing Underworld Research Participants." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45:22-38.
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  • 2010. "Right or Wrong? Toward a Theory of IRBs’ (Dis)Approval of Research." Journal of Criminal Justice Education 21:42-59.
  • 2010. "Criminology as Social Control: Discriminatory Research and Its Role in the Reproduction of Social Inequalities and Crime." Crime, Law and Social Change 53:383-396.
  • 2010. "A Sociological Theory of Drug Sales, Gifts, and Frauds." Crime and Delinquency 20(10): 1-26.
  • 2010. "Dangerous Intimacy: Toward a Theory of Violent Victimization in Active Offender Research." Journal of Criminal Justice Education 21: 503-525.

Kan, Yee W. y Scott Phillips

  • 2003. “Race and the Death Penalty: Including Asian Americans and Exploring the Desocialization of Law.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 1:63-92.

Kruttschnitt, Candace

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Kuan, Ping-Yin

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Lally, William E. y Alfred DeMaris

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Lee, Catherine

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Manning, Jason

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Marshall, Douglas A.

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Michalski, Joseph H.

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  •   Datos: Q7261155

sociología, pura, como, teoría, elección, racional, teoría, conflicto, funcionalismo, sociología, pura, paradigma, estrategia, para, explicar, comportamiento, humano, desarrollado, donald, black, como, alternativa, teorías, individualistas, social, psicológica. Como la teoria de la eleccion racional la teoria del conflicto o el funcionalismo la sociologia pura es un paradigma y una estrategia para explicar el comportamiento humano Desarrollado por Donald Black como una alternativa a las teorias individualistas y social psicologicas la sociologia pura fue inicialmente utilizada para explicar la variacion en el comportamiento legal 1 Desde entonces Black y otros sociologos han utilizado la estrategia para explicar el terrorismo 2 el genocidio 3 el linchamiento 4 y otras formas de gestion de conflictos 5 asi como la ciencia 6 el arte 7 y la religion 8 Indice 1 Epistemologia 2 Diferencias con otras teorias sociologicas 3 Planteamientos 4 Practicantes 5 Critica 6 Respuesta a las criticas 7 Referencias 8 BibliografiaEpistemologia EditarLa sociologia pura explica la vida social con su geometria social 9 La vida social se refiere a cualquier instancia de conducta humana como la ley el suicidio el chisme o el arte mientras que la geometria social de una conducta tambien llamada estructura social se refiere a las caracteristicas sociales de los involucrados como su grado de interaccion o su nivel de riqueza Hasta cierto punto este enfoque se basa en aspectos del trabajo sociologico anterior que van desde el enfasis de Durkheim en las explicaciones sociales para el comportamiento individual hasta el trabajo posterior en la variacion del comportamiento policial y legal Diferencias con otras teorias sociologicas EditarPracticamente toda la sociologia explica el comportamiento de las personas ya sean grupos o individuos con alguna referencia a sus construcciones mentales psicologia o los propositos de su accion teleologia Pero la sociologia pura reconceptualiza el comportamiento humano como vida social algo que no existe en la mente no es explicable por los objetivos de las acciones y es supraindividual La sociologia pura entonces puede distinguirse de otros paradigmas sociologicos por lo que esta ausente la psicologia la teleologia e incluso las personas como tales El enfoque de la sociologia pura en una realidad social unica puede sonar durkheimiano y Black ve el acercamiento como mas durkheimiano que Durkheim 10 Planteamientos EditarEn The Behavior of Law publicado en 1976 Donald Black introdujo el primer ejemplo de sociologia pura una teoria general de la ley o el control social gubernamental Esta teoria busca explicar la variacion en la ley y un aspecto de la variacion legal es la cantidad de leyes originadas por un caso de conflicto Un conflicto es una situacion en la que una persona tiene una queja contra otra como cuando se ha producido una agresion o se ha roto un contrato y las partes ofendidas pueden o no apelar ante la policia o ante los tribunales civiles para resolverla Los casos pueden atraer a la ley o no entonces y cuando atraen la ley puede haber mas o menos casos similares Cuando la policia hace un arresto en un caso de asalto por ejemplo hay mas casos que cuando simplemente hay una llamada a la policia y cuando alguien es condenado hay mas casos que cuando simplemente hay un arresto La sociologia pura explica esta variacion al identificar un numero de variables sociologicas que estan asociadas con la variacion en la cantidad de casos Estas incluyen varias formas de estatus social como riqueza integracion cultura convencionalidad organizacion y respetabilidad asi como varias formas de distancia social como la distancia relacional y la distancia cultural Estos son aspectos de las estructuras sociales de los casos por lo que los casos en los que los litigantes tienen un alto estatus tienen estructuras sociales diferentes y se manejan de manera diferente que los casos que involucran disputas de bajo estatus El hecho de que los contendientes sean socialmente cercanos o distantes entre si tambien determina la cantidad de leyes que atrae el caso Por ejemplo una de las predicciones de la teoria es que dentro de una sociedad la ley varia directamente con la distancia relacional La distancia relacional se refiere a la cantidad e intensidad de la interaccion entre las partes por lo que la teoria predice que hay mas intervencion de la ley en los conflictos entre extranos que en aquellos entre los intimos Este aspecto de la teoria explica numerosos hechos como por que aquellos que matan a extranos son castigados mas severamente que aquellos que matan a personas intimas 11 y por que las mujeres violadas por extranos tienen mayor probabilidad de denunciarlo a la policia 12 Desde la publicacion de The Behavior of Law Black y otros sociologos puros han aplicado la estrategia teorica a muchos otros temas En particular Black ha desarrollado una teoria general del control social que va mas alla de la ley para explicar de manera mas general el manejo de todos los conflictos humanos 13 La mayoria de los conflictos se manejan sin apelar al sistema legal y la teoria explica asi no solo la ley sino la evasion el chisme la terapia las peleas y muchas otras formas de control social no gubernamental Ademas de ampliar el tema este trabajo posterior tambien amplia la teoria para enfocarse no solo en las caracteristicas sociales de los contendientes iniciales en un conflicto sino tambien de terceros todos aquellos con conocimiento de un conflicto Por ejemplo Mark Cooney examina como el comportamiento de un tercero da forma a la violencia Si y como los terceros se involucran en un conflicto pueden determinar no solo la probabilidad de violencia sino tambien la forma que la violencia toma Por ejemplo las configuraciones sociales caracterizadas por lazos grupales cercanos y distantes conducen a un comportamiento parecido a un feudo en el que la violencia se produce entre grupos durante un largo periodo de tiempo En esta situacion los terceros son miembros de grupos y estan relacionalmente cerca de los miembros del grupo pero distantes de los demas Cuando se producen conflictos entre grupos apoyan a un lado y se oponen al otro y pueden unirse a la violencia de represalia contra miembros de grupos rivales Otras configuraciones sociales conducen a otras formas de violencia o incluso a la paz Por ejemplo cuando hay vinculos transversales como cuando las personas estan relacionalmente cerca de los miembros de otros grupos es mas probable que los terceros promuevan la paz 14 Recientemente Black se ha movido mas alla del estudio de como se manejan los conflictos para examinar el origen del conflicto en si mismo En Tiempo Moral 15 identifica las causas de los enfrentamientos de lo correcto y lo incorrecto en las relaciones humanas Al hacerlo esta teoria invoca un nuevo concepto explicativo la idea de movimiento en el tiempo social y de este modo amplia el enfoque sociologico puro Black y otros tambien se han movido mas alla del conflicto y el control social para desarrollar explicaciones de ideas como 16 depredacion 17 bienestar 18 investigacion 19 y otras formas de vida social Por ejemplo la teoria de las ideas de Black explica el contenido de las ideas por sus estructuras sociales Asi como cada conflicto tiene una estructura social que consiste en las caracteristicas sociales de los que disputan y de los terceros cada idea cada enunciado sobre la realidad tiene una estructura social que consiste en las caracteristicas de la fuente el sujeto y la audiencia Por ejemplo el tema de una idea puede ser intimo o distante de la fuente las personas tienen ideas acerca de los miembros de la familia amigos y extranos El sujeto tambien puede tener un estatus social alto o bajo las personas tienen ideas sobre senadores y hombres de negocios asi como sobre vagabundos Pero las ideas varian segun sus estructuras sociales La explicacion de Black de voluntarismo y determinismo por ejemplo afirma que las ideas sobre sujetos de alto estatus son mas propensas a ser voluntaristas para invocar el libre albedrio La teoria predeciria entonces que las personas ofrecerian explicaciones voluntaristas a los senadores y hombres de negocios y explicaciones deterministas de los vagabundos 20 Practicantes EditarUn gran numero de sociologos han utilizado al menos algunos elementos teoricos de la estrategia en su trabajo entre ellos los Profesores M P Baumgartner Marian Borg Bradley Campbell Mark Cooney Allan Horwitz Archivado el 16 de julio de 2001 en Wayback Machine Scott Jacques Marcus Kondkar Jason Manning Joseph Michalski Calvin Morrill Scott Phillips Roberta Senechal de la Roche y James Tucker Critica EditarMientras que destacados sociologos tales como Randall Collins 21 Karen A Cerulo 22 David Sciulli 23 y Jonathan H Turner 24 han elogiado aspectos de la sociologia pura el enfoque tambien ha sido criticado Kam C Wong 25 critica su cientificismo David F Greenberg 26 su uso de explicaciones legalistas y Thomas J Scheff 27 su intento disciplinario de pureza En un simposio de 2008 Douglas A Marshall 28 ofrece una amplia critica al sistema Marshall sostiene que contrariamente al objetivo declarado de hacer sociologia cientifica su enfoque es en realidad la antitesis de la ciencia moderna por sus valores y practicas un tema reiterado por Stephen Turner en el simposio 29 Respuesta a las criticas EditarMark Cooney 30 Allan Horwitz 31 y Joseph Michalski 32 han respondido a algunas criticas especificas a la sociologia pura mientras que Donald Black en Epistemologia de la Sociologia Pura 33 asi como en otros escritos 34 ha respondido en general a la critica con una extensa defensa de su enfoque sociologico Referencias Editar Black Donald 1976 The Behavior of Law New York Academic Press Black Donald 2004 The Geometry of Terrorism Sociological Theory 22 15 25 Campbell Bradley 2009 Genocide as Social Control Sociological Theory 27 150 172 Senechal de la Roche Roberta 1997 The Sociogenesis of Lynching Pages 48 76 in Under Sentence of Death Lynching in the South edited by W Fitzhugh Brundage Chapel Hill University of North Carolina Press Black Donald 1998 The Social Structure of Right and Wrong San Diego Academic Press Black Donald 2000 Dreams of Pure Sociology Sociological Theory 18 352 356 Black Donald 1998 The Social Structure of Right and Wrong San Diego Academic Press pp 168 169 Black Donald 1995 The Epistemology of Pure Sociology Law and Social Inquiry 20 856 858 Black Donald 2000 Dreams of Pure Sociology Sociological Theory 18 343 Black Donald 1995 The Epistemology of Pure Sociology Law and Social Inquiry 20 850 Cooney Mark 2009 Is Killing Wrong A Study in Pure Sociology Charlottesville University of Virginia Press 156 170 Williams L S 1984 The Classic Rape When Do Victims Report Social Problems 31 459 467 Black Donald 1998 The Social Structure of Right and Wrong San Diego Academic Press Cooney Mark 1998 Warriors and Peacemakers How Third Parties Shape Violence New York New York University Press 67 106 Oxford University Press Moral Time Donald Black 28 de junio de 2011 Consultado el 14 de mayo de 2018 Black Donald 2000 Dreams of Pure Sociology Sociological Theory 18 343 367 Cooney Mark 2006 The Criminological Potential of Pure Sociology Crime Law and Social Change 46 58 60 Michalski Joseph H 2003 Financial Altruism or Unilateral Resource Exchanges Toward a Pure Sociology of Welfare Sociological Theory 21 341 358 Jacques Scott and Richard Wright 2008 Intimacy with Outlaws The Role of Relational Distance in Recruiting Paying and Interviewing Underworld Research Participants Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45 22 38 Black Donald 2000 Dreams of Pure Sociology Sociological Theory 18 356 357 Collins Randall 2002 Black s Contributions to a General Theory of Conflict Contemporary Sociology 31 6 655 658 Cerulo Karen A 2002 The Behavior of Culture Courtesy of Donald Black Contemporary Sociology 31 6 652 655 Sciulli David 1996 Response to Senechal Courage and Care in Blackian Social Theory A Word in Praise of Senechal de la Roche Sociological Forum 11 1 129 133 Turner Jonathan H 2002 Why are Elegant Theories Under Utilized by Sociologists Contemporary Sociology 31 6 664 668 Wong Kam C 1995 Black s Theory on the Behavior of Law Revisited International Journal of the Sociology of Law 23 1 189 232 Greenberg David F 1983 Donald Black s Sociology of Law A Critque Law and Society Review 17 337 368 Scheff Thomas 2003 Contemporary Sociology Vol 32 No 4 Jul 2003 pp 544 545 Marshall Douglas A 2008 The Dangers of Purity On the Incompatibility of Pure Sociology and Science The Sociological Quarterly 49 2 209 235 Turner Stephen 2008 How Not to do Science The Sociological Quarterly 49 2 236 252 Cooney Mark 1986 Behavioural Sociology of Law A Defence The Modern Law Review 49 262 271 Horwitz Allan 1983 Resistance to Innovation in the Sociology of Law A Response to Greenberg Law and Society Review 17 369 384 Michalski Joseph 2008 The Social Life of Pure Sociology The Sociological Quarterly 49 253 274 Black Donald 1995 The Epistemology of Pure Sociology Law and Social Inquiry 20 864 869 Black Donald 2000 The Purification of Sociology Contemporary Sociology 29 704 709 Bibliografia EditarBaumgartner M P 1978 Law and social status in colonial New Haven Pages 153 178 in Research in Law and Sociology An Annual Compilation of Research Vol 1 edited by Rita J Simon Greenwich JAI Press 1984 Social Control from Below Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 1 Fundamentals edited by Donald Black Orlando Academic Press 1984 Social Control in Suburbia In Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 2 Selected Problems edited by Donald Black Orlando Academic Press 1985 Law and the Middle Class Evidence from a Suburban Town Law and Human Behavior 9 1 3 24 1987 Utopian justice the covert facilitation of white collar crime Journal of Social Issues 43 61 69 1988 The Moral Order of a Suburb New York Oxford University Press 1992 War and Peace in Early Childhood Pages 1 38 in Virginia Review of Sociology Law and Conflict Management edited by James Tucker Greenwich CT JAI Press Inc 1992 Violent networks The origins and management of domestic conflict Pages 209 231 in Aggression and Violence The Social Interactionist Perspective edited by Richard B Felson and James T Tedeschi Washington D C American Psychological Association 1993 On the Overlegalized Conception of Modern Society Contemporary Sociology 22 3 336 337 1993 The myth of discretion Pages 129 162 in The Uses of Discretion edited by Keith Hawkins Oxford Oxford University Press 1996 A Better Place to Live Reshaping the American Suburb Contemporary Sociology 25 2 222 224 1998 The Moral Voice of the Community Sociological Focus 31 2 editor 1999 The Social Organization of Law San Diego Academic Press 1999 Introduction Pages 1 8 in The Social Organization of Law edited by M P Baumgartner San Diego Academic Press second edition first edition 1973 2001 The sociology of law in the United States The American Sociologist 32 Summer 99 113 Thematic Issue The Sociology of Law edited by A Javier Trevino 2002 The Behavior of Law or How to Sociologize with a Hammer Contemporary Sociology 31 6 644 649 Black Donald 1970 Production of Crime Rates American Sociological Review 35 733 748 1971 The Social Organization of Arrest Stanford Law Review 23 1087 1111 1972 The Boundaries of Legal Sociology Yale Law Journal 81 1086 1100 1973 The Mobilization of Law Journal of Legal Studies 2 125 149 1973 Introduction Pages 1 14 in The Social Organization of Law edited by Donald Black and Maureen Mileski New York Academic Press 1976 The Behavior of Law New York Academic Press 1979 Common Sense in the Sociology of Law American Sociological Review 44 1 18 27 1979 A Note on the Measurement of Law Informationsbrief fur Rechtssoziologie Sonderheft 2 92 106 1979 A Strategy of Pure Sociology Pages 149 168 in Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology edited by Scott G McNall New York St Martin s Press 1980 The Manners and Customs of the Police New York Academic Press 1981 The Relevance of Legal Anthropology Contemporary Sociology 10 1 43 46 1983 Crime as Social Control American Sociological Review 48 34 45 1984 Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 1 Fundamentals Orlando Academic Press editor 1984 Preface Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 1 Fundamentals edited by Donald Black Orlando Academic Press 1984 Social Control as a Dependent Variable In Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 1 Fundamentals edited by Donald Black Orlando Academic Press editor 1984 Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 2 Selected Problems Orlando Academic Press editor 1984 Preface Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 2 Selected Problems edited by Donald Black Orlando Academic Press 1984 Crime as Social Control Pages 1 27 in Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 2 Selected Problems edited by Donald Black Orlando Academic Press 1984 Jurocracy in America The Tocqueville Review La Revue Tocquevelle 6 273 281 1987 Compensation and the Social Structure of Misfortune Law amp Society Review 21 4 563 584 1987 A Note on the Sociology of Islamic Law Pages 47 62 in Perspectives on Islamic Law Justice and Society edited by Ravindra S Khare Working Papers Number 3 Charlottesville Center for Advanced Studies University of Virginia 1989 Sociological Justice New York Oxford University Press 1990 The Elementary Forms of Conflict Management In New Direction in the Study of Justice Law and Social Control prepared by the School of Justice Studies Arizona State University New York Plenum Press 1991 Relative Justice Litigation 18 32 35 1992 Social Control of the Self Pages 39 49 in Virginia Review of Sociology Law and Conflict Management edited by James Tucker Greenwich JAI Press Inc 1993 La Mobilisation du Droit Autobiographie d un Concept The Mobilization of Law Autobiography of a Concept Pages 376 378 in Dictionnaire Encyclopedique de Theorie et de Sociologie de Droit under the direction of Andre Jean Arnaud Paris Librairie Generale de Droit et de Jurisprudence 1995 The Epistemology of Pure Sociology Law and Social Inquiry 20 829 870 1997 The Lawyerization of Legal Sociology Amici Newsletter of the Sociology of Law Section American Sociological Association 5 4 7 1998 The Social Structure of Right and Wrong San Diego Academic Press 2000 On the Origin of Morality Journal of Consciousness Studies 7 107 1191 2000 The Purification of Sociology Contemporary Sociology 29 5 704 709 2000 Dreams of Pure Sociology Sociological Theory 18 3 343 367 2002 The Geometry of Law An Interview with Donald Black by Aaron Bell International Journal of the Sociology of Law 30 101 129 2002 Terrorism as Social Control Part I The Geometry of Destruction American Sociological Association Crime Law and Deviance Newsletter Spring 3 5 2002 Terrorism as Social Control Part II The Geometry of Retaliation American Sociological Association Crime Law and Deviance Newsletter Summer 3 5 2002 Pure Sociology and the Geometry of Discovery In Toward a New Science of Sociology A Retrospective Evaluation of The Behavior of Law by Allan V Horwitz Contemporary Sociology 31 6 668 674 2004 The Geometry of Terrorism In Theories of Terrorism symposium edited by Roberta Senechal de la Roche Sociological Theory 22 14 25 2004 Violent Structures Pages 145 158 in Violence From Theory to Research edited by Margaret A Zahn Henry H Brownstein and Shelly L Jackson Cincinnati Anderson Publishing Company 2004 Terrorism as Social Control In Terrorism and Counter Terrorism Criminological Perspectives edited by Mathieu Deflem New York Elsevier Ltd 2007 Legal Relativity In the Encyclopedia of Law and Society American and Global Perspectives Volume 3 edited by David S Clark Thousand Oaks CA Sage Publications 2010 How Law Behaves An Interview with Donald Black by Mara Abramowitz International Journal of Law Crime and Justice 38 37 47 2010 The Behavior of Law Special Edition Bingley England Emerald 2011 Moral Time New York Oxford University Press Black Donald y M P Baumgartner 1983 Toward a Theory of Third Party Pages 84 114 in Empirical Theories about Courts edited by Keith O Boyum and Lynn Mather New York Longman 1987 On Self Help In Modern Society Dialectical Anthropology 12 33 44 Also pages 193 208 in The Manners and Customs of the Police by Donald Black New York Academic Press Borg Marian J 1992 Conflict Management in the Modern World System Sociological Forum 7 2 261 282 1998 Vicarious Homicide Victimization and Support for Capital Punishment A Test of Black s Theory of Law Criminology 36 537 567 2000 Drug testing in organizations applying Horwitz s theory of the effectiveness of social control Deviant Behavior 21 123 154 Borg Marian J y William P Arnold III 1997 Social Monitoring as Social Control The Case of Drug Testing in a Medical Workplace Sociological Forum 12 3 441 460 Borg Marian J y Karen F Parker 2001 Mobilizing Law in Urban Areas The Social Structure of Homicide Clearance Rates Law and Society Review 35 435 466 Campbell Bradley 2009 Genocide as Social Control Sociological Theory 27 2 150 172 2010 Contradictory Behavior During Genocides Sociological Forum 25 2 296 314 2010 Review of Is Killing Wrong Social Forces 89 2 720 721 2011 Black s Theory of Law and Social Control In Oxford Bibliographies Online Criminology edited by Richard Rosenfeld Forthcoming Genocide as a Matter of Degree British Journal of Sociology Cooney Mark 1986 Behavioural Sociology of Law A Defence The Modern Law Review 49 2 262 271 1989 Legal Secrets Equality and Efficiency in the Common Law American Journal of Sociology 95 2 536 537 1992 Racial Discrimination in Arrest Pages 99 119 in Virginia Review of Sociology Law and Conflict Management edited by James Tucker Greenwich CT JAI Press Inc 1993 Why is Economic Analysis So Appealing to Law Professors Stanford Law Review 45 6 2211 2230 1994 The Informal Social Control of Homicide Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 34 31 59 1994 Evidence as Partisanship Law and Society Review 28 4 833 858 1995 The Struggle for Control A Study of Law Disputes and Deviance Social Forces 73 3 1174 1175 1997 From Warre to Tyranny Lethal Conflict and the State American Sociological Review 62 2 316 338 1997 The decline of elite homicide Criminology 35 381 407 1997 Hunting among police and predators The enforcement of traffic law Studies in Law Politics and Society 16 165 188 1998 Warriors and Peacemakers How Third Parties Shape Violence New York New York University Press 1998 The Dark Side of Community Moralistic Homicide and Strong Social Ties Sociological Focus 31 135 153 2001 Legal Aspects of Feud Internal War Section 3 8 in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences edited by Neil J Smelser and Paul B Baltes 2002 Still Paying the Price of Heterodoxy The Behavior of Law a Quarter Century On Contemporary Sociology 31 6 658 661 2003 The Privatization of Violence Criminology 41 4 1377 1406 2006 The Criminological Potential of Pure Sociology Crime Law and Social Change 46 51 63 2009 Ethnic Conflict Without Ethnic Groups A Study in Pure Sociology British Journal of Sociology 60 473 492 2009 The Scientific Significance of Collins s Violence British Journal of Sociology 60 586 594 2009 Is Killing Wrong A Study in Pure Sociology Charlottesville University of Virginia Press Cooney Mark y Scott Phillips 2002 Typologizing La Violencia Un Blackian Perspectiva Revista internacional de Sociologia y Politica Social 22 7 8 75 108Geiger Oneto Stephanie y Scott Phillips 2003 Driving While Black The Role of Race Sex and Social Status Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 1 2 1 25 Godard Ellis 2003 Reel life the social geometry of reality shows Pages 73 96 in Survivor Lessons Essays on Communication and Reality Television edited by Matthew J Smith and Andrew F Wood Jefferson NC McFarland amp Company Hawdon James y John Ryan 2009 Hiding in Plain Sight Community Organization Naive Trust and Terrorism Current Sociology 57 323 343 Hembroff Larry A 1987 The Seriousness of Acts and Social Contexts A Test of Black s Theory of the Behavior of Law American Journal of Sociology 93 322 347 Hoffmann Heath C 2006 Criticism as Deviance and Social Control in Alcoholics Anonymous Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 35 669 695Horwitz Allan V 1982 The Social Control of Mental Illness New York Academic Press 1982 3 Resistance to innovation in the sociology of law a reply to Greenberg Law and Society Review 17 369 384 1984 Therapy and Social Solidarity Toward a General Theory of Social Control Volume 1 Fundamentals edited by Donald Black Orlando Academic Press 1990 The Logic of Social Control New York Plenum Press 1995 Diversion in the juvenile justice system and a sociological theory of social control Pages 17 34 in Diversion and Informal Social Control edited by Gunter Albrecht and Wolfgang Ludwig Mayerhofer Berlin Walter de Gruyter editor 2002 A Continuities Symposium on Donald Black s The Behavior of Law Contemporary Sociology 31 November 641 674 editor 2002 Toward a New Science of Social Life A Retrospective Examination of The Behavior of Law Contemporary Sociology 31 6 641 644 2002 Creating Mental Illness Chicago University of Chicago Press Jacques Scott y Richard Wright 2008 Intimacy with Outlaws The Role of Relational Distance in Recruiting Paying and Interviewing Underworld Research Participants Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 45 22 38 2008 The Relevance of Peace to Studies of Drug Market Violence Criminology 46 221 253 2009 Drug Law and Violent Retaliation In Criminology and Public Policy Putting Theory to Work 2nd ed eds Hugh Barlow and Scott Decker Philadelphia PA Temple University Press 2010 Apprehending Criminals The Impact of Law on Offender Based Research In Offenders on Offending Learning About Crime from Criminals ed Wim Bernasco Cullompton UK Willan Publishing 2010 Right or Wrong Toward a Theory of IRBs Dis Approval of Research Journal of Criminal Justice Education 21 42 59 2010 Criminology as Social Control Discriminatory Research and Its Role in the Reproduction of Social Inequalities and Crime Crime Law and Social Change 53 383 396 2010 A Sociological Theory of Drug Sales Gifts and Frauds Crime and Delinquency 20 10 1 26 2010 Dangerous Intimacy Toward a Theory of Violent Victimization in Active Offender Research Journal of Criminal Justice Education 21 503 525 Kan Yee W y Scott Phillips 2003 Race and the Death Penalty Including Asian Americans and Exploring the Desocialization of Law Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 1 63 92 Kruttschnitt Candace 1980 81 Social Status and Sentences of Female Offenders Law amp Society Review 15 247 266 1982 Women Crime and Dependency An Application of the Theory of Law Criminology 19 495 513 1982 Respectable Women and the Law The Sociological Quarterly 23 221 234 1985 Are Businesses Treated Differently A Comparison of the Individual Victim and the Corporate Victim in the Criminal Courtroom Sociological Inquiry 55 225 238 Kuan Ping Yin 2004 Peace Not War Adolescents Management of Intergenerational Conflict in Taiwan Journal of Comparative Family Studies 35 591 614 Lally William E y Alfred DeMaris 2012 Arresting the Perpetrator in Intimate Partner Violence A Comparative Analysis of Gender and Relational Distance Effects Crime and Delinquency 58 1 103 123 Lee Catherine 2005 The Value of Life in Death Multiple Regression and Event History Analyses of Homicide Clearance in Los Angeles County Journal of Criminal Justice 33 527 534 Manning Jason Forthcoming Suicide as Social Control Sociological Forum Marshall Douglas A 2008 The Dangers of Purity On the Incompatibility of Pure Sociology and Science The Sociological Quarterly 49 2 209 235 2008 Taking the Rhetoric out of Theoretic Debate A Rejoinder to Michalski The Sociological Quarterly 49 2 275 284 Michalski Joseph H 2003 Financial Altruism or Unilateral Resource Exchanges Toward a Pure Sociology of Welfare Sociological Theory 21 4 341 358 2004 Making Sociological Sense out of Trends in Intimate Partner Violence The Social Structure of Violence Against Women 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